Beneficiaries are actors too.pdf - Southern Institute of Peace ...

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The paper is organised as follows: Section I is the Introduction; Section II looks at the overview of microfinance activities in Zimbabwe and review of relevant literature; Section III looks at the theoretical framework and Methodology; Section IV focuses on Research findings and Section V conclusions and recommendations. Overview of microfinance activities in Zimbabwe and review of relevant literature There are a number of studies which have been carried out to establish the extent to which access to microfinance by women can help in poverty alleviation, women's empowerment and sustainable development of the society and the country's economy at large. Amongst the available studies are Ebdon (1995), Goetz and Sen Gupta (1996), Rogaly (1996), Buckley (1996), DFID (1998), Rosenberg (1998) , Rahman (1999) and Mayoux (1999), (2000), to just name a few. Leach and Sitaram (2002) suggested points supporting why women should be provided with loans to fund their businesses. Among others, firstly, it is argued that women are disproportionately represented amongst the poorest in society and are in need of help as compared to men. Secondly, women are discriminated against in the formal labour market so end up looking for other sources of income within the informal sector. However, with the move towards gender equality the world over, this seems not to be a serious issue. Thirdly, it is also argued that women-headed households are on the increase as a result of economic recession, changing labour needs, increasing urbanisation, and the break-up of extended family structures. Women have therefore become the breadwinners in some families. Women-headed households being more vulnerable than male headed ones is advanced as the fourth reason. It is argued that such households are more vulnerable in times of crisis as they have fewer resources to draw from. Lastly, Mayoux (1999) suggests that repayment rates on loans and contributions to 9
family well-being are often higher among women than among men. Thus, implying there would be no basis to screen women borrowers along the lines of risk of repayment. A study by Mayoux (2001) indicates some basic views on the link between microfinance and women's empowerment. The view that stresses the positive relationship between microfinance credit and women's empowerment is central to this study due to the vast empirical evidence available, thus the ensuing discussion shall concentrate more on this. Advocates of the positive link between microfinance credit and women's empowerment suggest that there are three paradigms underlying this view. These include the financial self-sustainability paradigm, the poverty alleviation paradigm and the feminist empowerment paradigm. Under the financial self-sustainability paradigm, dominant with most donor agencies and models of micro-finance promoted in publications by USAID, World Bank, UNDP, CGAP and the Microcredit Summit Campaign, the programme design focuses on the provision of financially self-sustainable services to large numbers of poor people and small entrepreneurs. The concept also focuses on setting the right interest rate to cover costs, separating microfinance programmes from other interventions to enable separate accounting and expanding the programme so as to capture economies of scale. In short this paradigm asserts that increasing women's access to microfinance services will empower individuals as well as improve their well-being through social and political empowerment. The poverty alleviation paradigm aims at poverty alleviation amongst the poorest, increasing well-being and community development. Under this notion, poverty alleviation and women's empowerment are seen as synonymous. It is argued that increasing women's access to micro-finance will advance women in addressing gender inequalities. The feminist empowerment programme paradigm is believed to underlie most gender policies of many NGOs as well as many consultative programmes (Johnson, 1997). The principle underlying this paradigm is gender equality and women's human rights. It is argued that micro-finance is promoted as an entry point in the context of a 10
Page 1 and 2: Sustainable peace and development a
Page 3 and 4: Sustainable peace and development a
Page 5 and 6: Contents Introduction: The primacy
Page 7 and 8: its work on community, with special
Page 9 and 10: in Africa. The paper highlights the
Page 11 and 12: 1 Women's access to microfinance an
Page 13: all household members, especially i
Page 17 and 18: “[b]y plugging the gap left by th
Page 19 and 20: As at 30 July 2011 the country's ba
Page 21 and 22: analysis will also be as much infor
Page 23 and 24: not about bemoaning the limited acc
Page 25 and 26: approach the MFIs, is that “it wi
Page 27 and 28: d) Indicators of the social and eco
Page 29 and 30: Illiteracy creates a situation of d
Page 31 and 32: Disabilities: Lessons from Zambia a
Page 33 and 34: Abbreviations and acronyms CBNRM Co
Page 35 and 36: (Murindagomo, 1990). Its main appro
Page 37 and 38: percentages to the gross domestic p
Page 39 and 40: some trees were not supposed to be
Page 41 and 42: formulation will ensure their total
Page 43 and 44: the commons'. The concept of commun
Page 45 and 46: esources in these government estate
Page 47 and 48: management in Botswana and Namibia:
Page 49 and 50: Introduction This article seeks to
Page 51 and 52: esearchers come to study with backg
Page 53 and 54: the land US$750.00. Mudzi laid the
Page 55 and 56: case the chief's court sought the t
Page 57 and 58: The chief's personality This influe
Page 59 and 60: process of reporting a case is too
Page 61 and 62: and implies that offenders should r
Page 63 and 64: Cases reported to Chief Chounda bet
Page 65 and 66:
4 The role of Indigenous Knowledge
Page 67 and 68:
enlarging the range of their choice
Page 69 and 70:
this also served to promote food se
Page 71 and 72:
development strategies in Africa sh
Page 73 and 74:
countries seriously questioned why
Page 75 and 76:
especting their realities and prior
Page 77 and 78:
competing knowledge systems, charac
Page 79 and 80:
impressive in transforming poor peo
Page 81 and 82:
must be recognised if it is to be i
Page 83 and 84:
implications for sustainable conser
Page 85 and 86:
Pretty, J. N. (1994) Alternative sy
Page 87 and 88:
Introduction The United Nations Edu
Page 89 and 90:
Science educators have failed in th
Page 91 and 92:
education in this historical era th
Page 93 and 94:
esult may be disastrous. The HIV an
Page 95 and 96:
affairs and ultimately the adoption
Page 97 and 98:
esources, increasing green house ef
Page 99 and 100:
years, and yet it is less than 100
Page 101 and 102:
Fuchs, S. (2000) A social theory of
Page 103 and 104:
6 Re-examining the role of NGOs in
Page 105 and 106:
that NGOs are involved in when tryi
Page 107 and 108:
to see the causes of conflict as go
Page 109 and 110:
which the oil is located are disgru
Page 111 and 112:
communities putting into question t
Page 113 and 114:
The controversies surrounding NGOs'
Page 115 and 116:
conflict ridden African states, whe
Page 117 and 118:
in resolving conflict and peace bui
Page 119 and 120:
Recommendations To work effectively
Page 121 and 122:
Juma, M.K. (2008) Conflict Preventi
Page 123 and 124:
Introduction The Zimbabwean land re
Page 125 and 126:
Government or private agencies. Thi
Page 127 and 128:
credit facilities, new farmers in Z
Page 129 and 130:
control 49 percent in any business
Page 131 and 132:
implementation of investment progra
Page 133 and 134:
the ice-berg. Disadvantaged areas m
Page 135 and 136:
eventual agreement on the implement
Page 137 and 138:
they are simply recipients of polic
Page 139 and 140:
the government embarks on a nationw
Page 141 and 142:
farm ownership in the country. The
Page 143 and 144:
8 Community-driven conflict resolut
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approximately 800,000 Rwandans and
Page 147 and 148:
their mediation skills.” The cell
Page 149 and 150:
well as centre-periphery thesis whi
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justice In the post-genocide era, t
Page 153 and 154:
marginalized and disenfranchised fr
Page 155 and 156:
summarized and simplified versions
Page 157 and 158:
In Rwanda for example, citizens cou
Page 159 and 160:
Although the use of carrot and stic
Page 161 and 162:
abunzi and the formal system beckon
Page 163 and 164:
Kauzya, John-Mary. (2007) Political
Page 165 and 166:
Conclusion All through the papers,
Page 167 and 168:
About the editor Samuel Maruta is t
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