Beneficiaries are actors too.pdf - Southern Institute of Peace ...

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communal owned land no farmer has ownership over wildlife because it is a fugitive resource (Madzudzo, 1996). A number of strategies and interventions have been adopted to try and promote conservation and sustainable utilization of natural resources. A majority of these strategies are based on incentivizing host communities so that they can manage their natural resources and derive benefits from their environment. However these strategies have largely been targeting communal areas with no notable strategy designed to ensure that host communities of protected areas benefit from natural resources in these vast government estates. Community Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM) has been hailed as a panacea for sustainable utilization of natural resources in communal areas with success having been documented in Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe (Jones, 1999). However a closer scrutiny of CBNRM intervention reveals some glaring gaps which need to be seriously addressed if the intervention is to be completely community-driven and community sustained. Serious instructive questions need to be asked about the whole concept of natural resources conservation and utilization. Questions such as how much indigenous knowledge about natural resource conservation exists in communities? What are the socio-cultural disruptions that are brought to the community by the implementation of CBRNM programmes? What is the level of community resilience against the socio-economic burden of coexisting side by side with wildlife? Should CBRNM emphasise community compliance or participation? How much authority should be devolved from the central authority? If critical attention is paid to the above questions most of the problems bedevilling CBRNM programmes may be resolved. Community -based natural resource management programmes Project WINDFALL In 1978 the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management (DNPWLM) launched a wildlife conservation project called WINDFALL (Wildlife Industries New Development for All). The project was aimed at reducing human-wildlife conflicts and instilling a conservation mentality among communities 29
(Murindagomo, 1990). Its main approach was to return some revenue generated from wildlife to the district councils neighbouring the protected areas. The meat from elephant culling and some revenue from trophy fees was occasionally paid to rural communities adjacent to state-managed protected areas, with the aim of encouraging a positive attitude to wildlife. While the project did not manage to change people's attitudes towards wildlife, it highlighted a need to devolve proprietorship over wildlife to enable those living with wildlife to receive direct and sustained benefits from it (Frost and Bond, 2007). The project did not succeed mainly because communities were not involved in decision making, there were no direct benefits to communities and district councils failed to remit revenue to the communities affected by wild life (Murindagomo, 1990). CAMPFIRE project After the failure of project WINDFALL, CAMPFIRE (Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources) project was conceived in 1986 and implemented by DPWLM in partnership with Centre of Applied Social Science (CASS) at the University of Zimbabwe and a number of non-governmental organisations (NGO) such as Zimbabwe Trust (IIED report, 1994). The CAMPFIRE project was first experimented in districts which had large numbers of wildlife outside protected areas such as Sebungwe in Gokwe before being rolled out to all the Districts of the country. CAMPFIRE was designed specifically to stimulate long-term development, management and sustainable use of natural resources in Zimbabwe's communal farming areas (Frost and Bond, 2007). It aimed to align land use more closely with the natural opportunities and constraints of these agriculturally marginal areas. CAMPFIRE was designed to encompass four major natural resources, that is wildlife, woodlands, water and grazing land. However wildlife utilisation dominated other forms due to high profits involved. While CAMPFIRE managed to record successes in the form of appreciation of the value of wildlife by rural communities, funding of social infrastructure such as clinics and schools and drastic reduction in poaching, its major constraint was the reluctance by local authorities to devolve real power to the communities and the failure to remit revenue due to 30
Page 1 and 2: Sustainable peace and development a
Page 3 and 4: Sustainable peace and development a
Page 5 and 6: Contents Introduction: The primacy
Page 7 and 8: its work on community, with special
Page 9 and 10: in Africa. The paper highlights the
Page 11 and 12: 1 Women's access to microfinance an
Page 13 and 14: all household members, especially i
Page 15 and 16: family well-being are often higher
Page 17 and 18: “[b]y plugging the gap left by th
Page 19 and 20: As at 30 July 2011 the country's ba
Page 21 and 22: analysis will also be as much infor
Page 23 and 24: not about bemoaning the limited acc
Page 25 and 26: approach the MFIs, is that “it wi
Page 27 and 28: d) Indicators of the social and eco
Page 29 and 30: Illiteracy creates a situation of d
Page 31 and 32: Disabilities: Lessons from Zambia a
Page 33: Abbreviations and acronyms CBNRM Co
Page 37 and 38: percentages to the gross domestic p
Page 39 and 40: some trees were not supposed to be
Page 41 and 42: formulation will ensure their total
Page 43 and 44: the commons'. The concept of commun
Page 45 and 46: esources in these government estate
Page 47 and 48: management in Botswana and Namibia:
Page 49 and 50: Introduction This article seeks to
Page 51 and 52: esearchers come to study with backg
Page 53 and 54: the land US$750.00. Mudzi laid the
Page 55 and 56: case the chief's court sought the t
Page 57 and 58: The chief's personality This influe
Page 59 and 60: process of reporting a case is too
Page 61 and 62: and implies that offenders should r
Page 63 and 64: Cases reported to Chief Chounda bet
Page 65 and 66: 4 The role of Indigenous Knowledge
Page 67 and 68: enlarging the range of their choice
Page 69 and 70: this also served to promote food se
Page 71 and 72: development strategies in Africa sh
Page 73 and 74: countries seriously questioned why
Page 75 and 76: especting their realities and prior
Page 77 and 78: competing knowledge systems, charac
Page 79 and 80: impressive in transforming poor peo
Page 81 and 82: must be recognised if it is to be i
Page 83 and 84: implications for sustainable conser
Page 85 and 86:
Pretty, J. N. (1994) Alternative sy
Page 87 and 88:
Introduction The United Nations Edu
Page 89 and 90:
Science educators have failed in th
Page 91 and 92:
education in this historical era th
Page 93 and 94:
esult may be disastrous. The HIV an
Page 95 and 96:
affairs and ultimately the adoption
Page 97 and 98:
esources, increasing green house ef
Page 99 and 100:
years, and yet it is less than 100
Page 101 and 102:
Fuchs, S. (2000) A social theory of
Page 103 and 104:
6 Re-examining the role of NGOs in
Page 105 and 106:
that NGOs are involved in when tryi
Page 107 and 108:
to see the causes of conflict as go
Page 109 and 110:
which the oil is located are disgru
Page 111 and 112:
communities putting into question t
Page 113 and 114:
The controversies surrounding NGOs'
Page 115 and 116:
conflict ridden African states, whe
Page 117 and 118:
in resolving conflict and peace bui
Page 119 and 120:
Recommendations To work effectively
Page 121 and 122:
Juma, M.K. (2008) Conflict Preventi
Page 123 and 124:
Introduction The Zimbabwean land re
Page 125 and 126:
Government or private agencies. Thi
Page 127 and 128:
credit facilities, new farmers in Z
Page 129 and 130:
control 49 percent in any business
Page 131 and 132:
implementation of investment progra
Page 133 and 134:
the ice-berg. Disadvantaged areas m
Page 135 and 136:
eventual agreement on the implement
Page 137 and 138:
they are simply recipients of polic
Page 139 and 140:
the government embarks on a nationw
Page 141 and 142:
farm ownership in the country. The
Page 143 and 144:
8 Community-driven conflict resolut
Page 145 and 146:
approximately 800,000 Rwandans and
Page 147 and 148:
their mediation skills.” The cell
Page 149 and 150:
well as centre-periphery thesis whi
Page 151 and 152:
justice In the post-genocide era, t
Page 153 and 154:
marginalized and disenfranchised fr
Page 155 and 156:
summarized and simplified versions
Page 157 and 158:
In Rwanda for example, citizens cou
Page 159 and 160:
Although the use of carrot and stic
Page 161 and 162:
abunzi and the formal system beckon
Page 163 and 164:
Kauzya, John-Mary. (2007) Political
Page 165 and 166:
Conclusion All through the papers,
Page 167 and 168:
About the editor Samuel Maruta is t
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