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S FIG. 5.68 Applying Electronics Workbench to a series dc circuit. zontal line for dc analysis is the same for each. Again, the Set key can be selected to see what it controls, but the default values of meter input resistance levels will be fine for all the analyses described in this text. Leave the meters on the screen so that the various voltages and the current level will be displayed after the simulation. Recall from Chapter 4 that elements can be moved by simply clicking on each schematic symbol and dragging it to the desired location. The same is true for labels and values. Labels and values are set by doubleclicking on the label or value and entering your preference. Click OK, and they will appear changed on the schematic. There is no need to first select a special key to connect the elements. Simply bring the cursor to the starting point to generate the small circle and crosshair. Click on the starting point, and follow the desired path to the next connection path. When in location, click again, and the line will appear. All connecting lines can make 90° turns. However, you cannot follow a diagonal path from one point to another. To remove any element, label, or line, simply click on the quantity to obtain the four-square active status, and select the Delete key orthe scissors key on the top menu bar. Before simulating, be sure that the Simulate Switch is visible by selecting View-Show Simulate Switch. Then select the 1 option on the switch, and the analysis will begin. The results appearing in Fig. 5.68 verify those obtained using PSpice and the longhand solution. C�� We will now turn to the C�� language and review a program designed to perform the same analysis just performed using PSpice and EWB. As noted in earlier chapters, do not expect to understand all the details of how the program was written and why specific paths were taken. COMPUTER ANALYSIS ⏐⏐⏐ 157
158 ⏐⏐⏐ SERIES CIRCUITS S FIG. 5.69 C�� program designed to perform a complete analysis of the network of Fig. 5.66. The purpose here is simply to expose the reader to the general characteristics of a program using this increasingly popular programming language. First take note of all the double forward slashes // in the program of Fig. 5.69. They are used to identify comments in the program that will not be recognized by the compiler when the program is run. They can
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1 Introduction 1.1 THE ELECTRICAL/E
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� S I mind that similar progressi
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� S I denser, which we refer to t
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� S I decades will probably conta
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� S I TABLE 1.1 Comparison of the
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� S I The second was originally d
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� S I A quick method of determini
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� S I revealing that the operatio
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� S I 1 1 2300 � � 3.333E�1
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� S I Since the power of ten will
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� S I EXAMPLE 1.14 a. Determine t
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� S I Initial Settings Format and
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� S I c. Since the division will
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� S I Three software packages wil
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� S I SECTION 1.8 Conversion with
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2 Current and Voltage 2.1 ATOMS AND
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I e V CURRENT ⏐⏐⏐ 33 the dist
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I e V The chemical activity of the
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I e V erence plane. If the weight i
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I e V 2.4 FIXED (dc) SUPPLIES The t
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I e V FIG. 2.14 Maintenance-free 12
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I e V batteries are relatively warm
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I e V EXAMPLE 2.5 a. Determine the
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I e V TABLE 2.1 Relative conductivi
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I e V be accomplished is to open th
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I e V (a) (c) Contact Sliding switc
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I e V Control switch Meter leads (a
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I e V tant to disconnect the charge
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I e V GLOSSARY ⏐⏐⏐ 57 28. Fin
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3 Resistance 3.1 INTRODUCTION The f
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R G Note that the area of the condu
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R G EXAMPLE 3.3 What is the resista
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R G RESISTANCE: METRIC UNITS ⏐⏐
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R G The conversion factor between r
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R G Absolute zero -273.15°C Inferr
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R G Since R 20 of Eq. (3.8) is the
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R G result is a tremendous saving i
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R G TYPES OF RESISTORS ⏐⏐⏐ 75
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R G TYPES OF RESISTORS ⏐⏐⏐ 77
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R G a 1% failure rate would reveal
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R G gaps. Dropping to the 10% level
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R G THERMISTORS ⏐⏐⏐ 83 Prelim
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R G APPLICATIONS ⏐⏐⏐ 85 3.14
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R G longer heating element in stand
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R G cally this law relates voltage,
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R G MATHCAD ⏐⏐⏐ 91 key at the
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R G *13. What is the new resistance
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R G SECTION 3.13 Varistors 58. a. R
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98 ⏐⏐⏐ OHM’S LAW, POWER, AN
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100 ⏐⏐⏐ OHM’S LAW, POWER, A
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Page 107 and 108: 106 ⏐⏐⏐ OHM’S LAW, POWER, A
Page 130 and 131: 5 Series Circuits 5.1 INTRODUCTION
Page 132 and 133: S the same through series elements
Page 134 and 135: S Solution: RT � R1 � R2 � R3
Page 136 and 137: S type of element. In other words,
Page 138 and 139: S c. V1 � IR1 � (2 A)(4 �)
Page 140 and 141: S In the above discussion the curre
Page 142 and 143: S Voltage Sources and Ground Except
Page 144 and 145: S EXAMPLE 5.14 Find the voltage Vab
Page 146 and 147: S EXAMPLE 5.19 Using the voltage di
Page 148 and 149: S ∆V L 120 V 100 V 0 V L voltage
Page 150 and 151: S EXAMPLE 5.24 Determine the voltag
Page 152 and 153: S 5.11 APPLICATIONS Holiday Lights
Page 154 and 155: S wiring, you will find that since
Page 156 and 157: S and right-click on the mouse. A l
Page 160 and 161: S also be used to remind the progra
Page 162 and 163: S 3. Find the applied voltage E nec
Page 164 and 165: S 9. Determine the current I and th
Page 166 and 167: S 40 V I + R 3 R 2 R 1 V 3 - 30 �
Page 168 and 169: S *28. For the network of Fig. 5.97
Page 170 and 171: 6 Parallel Circuits 6.1 INTRODUCTIO
Page 172 and 173: P rent level. In other words, as th
Page 174 and 175: P EXAMPLE 6.4 a. Find the total res
Page 176 and 177: P R T R 6 � R′ T � ��
Page 178 and 179: P d. RT � 30 � � 30 � � 0
Page 180 and 181: P 0.25 S � 0.1 S � 0.05 S � 0
Page 182 and 183: P EXAMPLE 6.13 Determine the curren
Page 184 and 185: P I2 � I4 � I5 12 A � I4 �
Page 186 and 187: P For the particular case of two pa
Page 188 and 189: P and (R 1 � R 2)I 1 � R 2I R 1
Page 190 and 191: P A short circuit is a very low res
Page 192 and 193: P must therefore be zero volts, as
Page 194 and 195: P + E - A + - I s + - ensure a posi
Page 196 and 197: P 12-gage fuse link Filter capacito
Page 198 and 199: P car such as the lights, air condi
Page 200 and 201: P careful, you can work with one li
Page 202 and 203: P In particular, note that m (or M)
Page 204 and 205: P This time, rather than using mete
Page 206 and 207: P PROBLEMS ⏐⏐⏐ 205 *6. Determ
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P 14. Using the information provide
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P *21. Find the unknown quantities
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P SECTION 6.8 Open and Short Circui
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7 Series-Parallel Networks 7.1 SERI
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S S P P For parallel resistors R 1
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S S P P a I A E 16.8 V R 1 9 � R
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S S P P I s R T E 24 V R 6 � R1
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S S P P R 3 R 2 7 � 5 � I 3 R 4
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S S P P E 72 V 72 V I5 ��
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S S P P (6 �)I3 6 I6 ��
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S S P P To demonstrate the validity
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S S P P 7.5 POTENTIOMETER LOADING F
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S S P P The Ammeter The maximum cur
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S S P P ammeter or voltmeter becaus
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S S P P 120 V + - VR1 R1 + - 1 �
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S S P P would be created between th
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S S P P Note also that the current
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S S P P 7.9 COMPUTER ANALYSIS PSpic
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Heading Preprocessor directive Defi
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S S P P 3. For the network of Fig.
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S S P P 10. For the network of Fig.
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S S P P 17. For the configuration o
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S S P P 26. For the ladder network
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S S P P 34. Using a 50-mA, 1000-�
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8 Methods of Analysis and Selected
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N A current-source networks, it wil
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N A excellent approximation to drop
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N A EXAMPLE 8.7 Reduce the network
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N A of series elements. Figure 8.20
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N A appearing in Solution 1 in a ve
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N A R 1 E 1 - + + - 4 � 15 V Appl
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N A EXAMPLE 8.11 Consider the same
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N A EXAMPLE 8.13 Find the branch cu
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N A Node a is then used to relate t
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N A 1. Assign a loop current to eac
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N A EXAMPLE 8.18 Find the current t
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N A The nodal analysis method is ap
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N A or I � � � and V2� �
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N A Step 3: Included in Fig. 8.49 f
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N A I 3 V 1 I 1 R 3 10 � 6 A R1 4
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N A EXAMPLE 8.23 Write the nodal eq
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N A EXAMPLE 8.25 Using nodal analys
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N A Solution: The nodal voltages ar
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N A with the bottom of the determin
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N A any unknown quantities if mesh
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N A To obtain the relationships nec
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N A Solution: RB RC (20 �)(10 �
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N A 8.13 APPLICATIONS The Applicati
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N A or outside forces such as light
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N A Schematic with Nodal Voltages W
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N A A photograph of the outside and
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N A PROBLEMS SECTION 8.2 Current So
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N A SECTION 8.4 Current Sources in
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N A *16. For the transistor configu
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N A SECTION 8.8 Mesh Analysis (Form
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N A *37. Using the supernode approa
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N A *49. Repeat Problem 48 for the
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9 Network Theorems 9.1 INTRODUCTION
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Th This final relationship between
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Th The total current through the 4-
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I Th R 1 6 mA R 3 Current divider r
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Th E 1 12 V 6 � 4 V E 2 4 � (a)
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Th R 1 3 � R 2 6 � a R Th b b (
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Th R 1 R 1 6 � 6 � R 4 a 3 �
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Th 6 � R 1 R 2 12 � b R3 a R4 3
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Th Direct Measurement of E Th and R
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Th Conclusion: 5. Draw the Norton e
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Th NORTON’S THEOREM ⏐⏐⏐ 341
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Th E Th I N R N FIG. 9.78 Defining
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Th Note, in particular, that P L is
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Th When R L � R Th, R L h% ��
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Th EXAMPLE 9.14 A dc generator, bat
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Th Note Fig. 9.91, where V1 � V3
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Th that of E 1 and E 3. The total c
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Th combination of elements that wil
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Th RT � R1 � R2 � (R3 � R4)
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Th are presented with a bundle of r
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Th FIG. 9.116 Using PSpice to deter
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Th FIG. 9.119 Using PSpice to deter
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Th FIG. 9.121 Plot resulting from t
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Th 2. Using superposition, find the
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Th *8.Find the Thévenin equivalent
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Th 21. For each network of Fig. 9.1
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Th SECTION 9.8 Reciprocity Theorem
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10 Capacitors 10.1 INTRODUCTION Thu
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The attraction and repulsion betwee
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w � Q, so the dielectric is also
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d � o d d C = 5 µF A (a) C = 0.1
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EXAMPLE 10.4 Find the maximum volta
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Dipped phenolic coating Ceramic die
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lower potential. This capacitor can
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Type: Miniature Axial Electrolytic
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The factor e �t/RC is an exponent
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after five time constants of the ch
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which employs the function e �x a
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Solutions: a. Charging phase: vC
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t2 � (R2 � R3)C � (1 k��3
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a. Find the mathematical expression
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and C t ��t loge�1 � �v
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10.11 THÉVENIN EQUIVALENT: t � R
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Solution: The network is redrawn in
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�v 4 v 3 v2 0 v C (V) 1 t2 t3 �
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and substituting for C T: 1/C 1 V 1
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Solution: As previously discussed,
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Flash Lamp The basic circuitry for
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light in parallel with the capacito
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Black (feed) Ground Black White Gro
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sufficiently large to be considered
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FIG. 10.77 Using PSpice to investig
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Settings-AverageIC dialog box. Anal
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16. Find the distance in millimeter
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29. For the situation of Problem 25
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*40. The capacitor of Fig. 10.100 i
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*47. For the network of Fig. 10.107
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11 Magnetic Circuits 11.1 INTRODUCT
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Magnetic flux lines I Conductor FIG
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EXAMPLE 11.1 For the core of Fig. 1
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Substituting, we have (11.4) The ma
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- H s - B max e Saturation B R d -
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1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6
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above is evidenced by the fact that
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An approach frequently employed in
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and the magnetizing force is H (she
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The flux density of the air gap in
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� � 0 Hbelbe � Hbcdelbcde �
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EXAMPLE 11.9 Find the magnetic flux
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Speakers and Microphones Electromag
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4,000,000,000,000 bits of informati
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ingly enough one that perhaps will
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Hall Effect Sensor The Hall effect
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ciently close to establish contact
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SECTION 11.8 Hysteresis 9. For the
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*18. For the series-parallel magnet
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12 Inductors 12.1 INTRODUCTION We h
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Inductors are coils of various dime
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(a) (d) (b) FIG. 12.10 Various type
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ciated with the applied ac signal m
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the voltage across the coil is not
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y 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0
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12.8 INITIAL VALUES This section wi
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Let us now test the validity of the
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The mathematical expression for the
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v R1 R1 Defined polarity + vL - v L
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iL � (1 � e �t/t ) t � �
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12.12 INDUCTORS IN SERIES AND PARAL
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Applying the current divider rule,
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EXAMPLE 12.12 Find the energy store
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+ Feed 120 V ac - Return ��
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would need for 15 W, not to mention
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will scatter to all sides of the mo
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ing trace appears in the bottom of
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FIG. 12.61 Using PSpice to determin
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Parameters, use 0 s as the Start ti
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*11. Find the waveform for the curr
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*19. For the network of Fig. 12.76:
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*29. The switch of Fig. 12.83 has b
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37. Find the voltage V 1 and the cu
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522 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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14 The Basic Elements and Phasors 1
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� RESPONSE OF BASIC R, L, AND C E
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� The opposition established by a
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� Therefore, RESPONSE OF BASIC R,
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� is directly related to the stra
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� applied. In general, therefore,
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� θv the voltage or current. The
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� EXAMPLE 14.11 Determine the ave
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� any number not on the real axis
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� Polar to Rectangular X � Z co
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� Reciprocal The reciprocal of a
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� - Multiplication To multiply tw
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� Solutions: a. By Eq. (14.34), b
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� often frustrating if one lost m
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� CALCULATOR AND COMPUTER METHODS
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� PHASORS ⏐⏐⏐ 611 is entere
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� PHASORS ⏐⏐⏐ 613 6 A v 1 =
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� PHASORS ⏐⏐⏐ 615 - 2 p 41.
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� COMPUTER ANALYSIS ⏐⏐⏐ 617
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� PROBLEMS ⏐⏐⏐ 625 *20. For
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� PROBLEMS ⏐⏐⏐ 627 *47. a.
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15 Series and Parallel ac Circuits
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a c v � 100 sin qt ⇒ phasor for
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a c v � 24 sin qt ⇒ phasor form
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a c v � 15 sin qt ⇒ phasor nota
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a c real and imaginary axes and fin
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a c In rectangular form, and VR �
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a c Time domain: In the time domain
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a c or E � V R � V L � V C wh
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a c (6�0)*(50�30)/((6�0)�(9
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a c Therefore, E � �(1�3�.3
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a c f � 1 kHz XC � � �15.92
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a c f � 0 Hz XC � � ⇒ very
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a c ohms and the short-circuit equi
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a c elements by 90°, and leads the
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a c EXAMPLE 15.12 For the network o
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a c EXAMPLE 15.14 Find the admittan
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a c I Admittance diagram: As shown
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a c E Admittance diagram: As shown
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a c Phasor notation: As shown in Fi
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a c Using Eq. (15.32), we obtain G
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a c on the total impedance at that
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a c 90° 60° 45° 30° 0° θ T In
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a c 0° -30° -45° -60° -90° θL
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a c The total impedance at the freq
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a c Solution: Rp � 8k� Xp (resu
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a c I = 12 A ∠ 0° FIG. 15.95 Ser
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a c + e - a + v R - R impedance. Th
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a c Switched outlets Parallel outle
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a c transfer of power (see Section
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a c Consequently, the sound generat
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a c V applied 170 80.24 V(volts) V
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a c Run PSpice key. The result will
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a c Electronics Workbench We will n
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a c PROBLEMS SECTION 15.2 Impedance
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a c 7. For the circuit of Fig. 15.1
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a c + E = 20 V ∠ 70° - 20 � (a
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a c SECTION 15.7 Admittance and Sus
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a c 31. Repeat Problem 30 for the c
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a c 41. For the network of Fig. 15.
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a c GLOSSARY Admittance A measure o
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710 ⏐⏐⏐ SERIES-PARALLEL ac NE
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744 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS A
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18 Network Theorems (ac) 18.1 INTRO
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Th Z 1 E 1- + Z 1 I s1 j 4 � Z1
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Th EXAMPLE 18.4 For the network of
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Th pendent sources. The solution ob
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Th is the replacement of the term r
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Th Z1 � R1 � j XL1 � 6 ��
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Th will behave like the actual tran
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Th obtained by applying a source of
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Th Method 3: See Fig. 18.49. Eg Ig
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Th or Eoc�1 � � � k1k2R2
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Th Independent Sources The procedur
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Th Solution: Steps 1 and 2 (Fig. 18
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Th The Norton equivalent circuit ap
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Th so Eg(1 � h) � Ig[R1 � (1
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Th + E = 9 V ∠ 0° - Z1Z 2 (10
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Th (8.54 V) 72.93 and Pmax � �
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Th ��
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Th For 100 W, Is � � Np �Ip
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Th Redrawing the network as shown i
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Th 0.5 -0.5 v s (volts) 0 T /2 T -T
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Th culation of �32.74° of Exampl
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Th FIG. 18.101 Using PSpice to dete
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Th FIG. 18.104 The output file for
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Th FIG. 18.107 Using PSpice to dete
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Th *5. Using superposition, find th
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Th PROBLEMS ⏐⏐⏐ 841 11. Find
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Th PROBLEMS ⏐⏐⏐ 843 20. Find
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Th PROBLEMS ⏐⏐⏐ 845 *40. Find
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Th GLOSSARY ⏐⏐⏐ 847 49. Using
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19 Power (ac) 19.1 INTRODUCTION The
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P q s Power delivered to element by
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P q s The reason for rating some el
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P q s If the average power is zero,
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P q s 2 V and QC � �� (VAR) (
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P q s j I 2 X L = Q L I 2 X C = Q C
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P q s Thus, PT 600 W Fp ��
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P q s Motor: h � Pi � � �45
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P q s + E = E ∠0° - I L Solving
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P q s The equivalent parallel load
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P q s As the name implies, power-fa
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P q s duced, the eddy current loss
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P q s The vast majority of generato
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P q s 349.2 kW � 240 kW � 109.2
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P q s Peak icon to the right of the
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P q s small region below the axis i
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P q s 6. For the circuit of Fig. 19
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P q s *14. For the circuit of Fig.
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P q s SECTION 19.10 Effective Resis
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888 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE E s + - Sou
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890 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE Q L = I 2 X
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892 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE R R( f ) 0
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894 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE f < f s: ne
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896 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE Solving the
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898 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE As Q s of t
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900 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE b. Since Qs
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902 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE I Z T Y T R
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904 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE R l Z Tm Z
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906 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE Setting the
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908 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE Inductive R
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910 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE For an idea
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912 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE TABLE 20.1
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914 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE Example 20.
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916 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE I e. Ql ≥
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918 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE Therefore,
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920 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE Volume Full
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922 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE bandwidth
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924 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE FIG. 20.43
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926 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE cursor esta
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928 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE FIG. 20.48
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930 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE I 2 mA IL I
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932 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE ZT I = 5 mA
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934 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE Z Tp GLOSSA
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936 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS + e p -
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938 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS L p = 20
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940 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS revealin
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942 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS Since th
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944 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS Solution
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946 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS Public a
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948 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS + v x -
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950 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS + V g -
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952 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS + V g -
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954 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS (a) (b)
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956 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS polariti
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958 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS Iron cor
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960 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS Primary
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962 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS Z i + E
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964 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS Source +
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966 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS ��
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968 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS insertio
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970 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS FIG. 21.
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972 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS + Vg = 2
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974 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS q = 1000
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22 Polyphase Systems 22.1 INTRODUCT
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0.866 E m(CN) 0.866 E m(BN) This is
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E BC The length x is C B + - E CN E
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B C E BC E CA (a) ⎪ ⎬ ⎪ ⎭ E
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. EL � �3�Ef � (1.73)(120 V
Page 988 and 989:
E CA = 150 V ∠ v 3 b. Vf � EL.T
Page 990 and 991:
I Bb I AC 30° 120° It can be show
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The phase voltages are Van � IanZ
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Power Factor The power factor of th
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Power Factor S T � 3S f � �3
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A + EAN - or EAN � IfZline � Vf
Page 1000 and 1001:
methods of determining whether the
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IBb � Ibc � Iab � 8.32 A �
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or multiphase, result in a total lo
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40,000 V �120° � 33,200 V �
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7. For the system of Fig. 22.39, fi
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C 14. Repeat Problem 13 if the phas
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3-phase ∆-connected generator Pha
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*43. The Y-Y system of Fig. 22.48 h
Page 1016:
GLOSSARY �-connected ac generator
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1018 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
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Page 1023 and 1024:
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1094 ⏐⏐⏐ PULSE WAVEFORMS AND
Page 1097 and 1098:
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25 Nonsinusoidal Circuits 25.1 INTR
Page 1126 and 1127:
NON Average Value: A 0 The dc term
Page 1128 and 1129:
NON f(t) � �f � t � � T 2
Page 1130 and 1131:
NON EXAMPLE 25.1 Determine which co
Page 1132 and 1133:
NON 1 sin qt i t 1 (i = 0) FIG. 25.
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NON Vm 0 v 1 (a) and v � Vm�1
Page 1136 and 1137:
NON v(a) � V 0 � V m1 sin a �
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NON EXAMPLE 25.7 The input to the c
Page 1140 and 1141:
NON ZT1 � 6 ��j 37.7 ��38
Page 1142 and 1143:
NON FIG. 25.28 Using PSpice to appl
Page 1144 and 1145:
NON you can change the range to 0 H
Page 1146 and 1147:
NON 9. Find the total average power
Page 1148:
NON 24. Given any nonsinusoidal fun
Page 1151 and 1152:
1150 ⏐⏐⏐ SYSTEM ANALYSIS: AN
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1192 Appendixes APPENDIX A PSpice,
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1194 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES A.3 Mathc
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1196 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES To Conver
Page 1199 and 1200:
1198 Appendix C DETERMINANTS Determ
Page 1201 and 1202:
1200 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES 2 3 �3
Page 1203 and 1204:
1202 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES x � War
Page 1205 and 1206:
1204 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES D Note th
Page 1207 and 1208:
1206 Appendix D COLOR CODING OF MOL
Page 1209 and 1210:
1208 Appendix F MAGNETIC PARAMETER
Page 1211 and 1212:
1210 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES and the p
Page 1213 and 1214:
1212 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES 3. (a) 16
Page 1215 and 1216:
1214 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES (b) 50(1
Page 1217 and 1218:
1216 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES (f) 300 W
Page 1219 and 1220:
1218 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES 9. (a) E
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