boylistad

Recommendations

Info

N A Schematic with Nodal Voltages When an investigator is presented with a system that is down or not operating properly, one of the first options is to check the system’s specified voltages on the schematic. These specified voltage levels are actually the nodal voltages determined in this chapter. Nodal voltage is simply a special term for a voltage measured from that point to ground. The technician will attach the negative or lower-potential lead to the ground of the network (often the chassis) and then place the positive or higher-potential lead on the specified points of the network to check the nodal voltages. If they match, it is a good sign that that section of the system is operating properly. If one or more fail to match the given values, the problem area can usually be identified. Be aware that a reading of �15.87 V is significantly different from an expected reading of �16 V if the leads have been properly attached. Although the actual numbers seem close, the difference is actually more than 30 V. One must expect some deviation from the given value as shown, but always be very sensitive to the resulting sign of the reading. The schematic of Fig. 8.90(a) includes the nodal voltages for a logic probe used to measure the input and output states of integrated circuit logic chips. In other words, the probe determines whether the measured voltage is one of two states: high or low (often referred to as “on” or “off” or 1 or 0). If the LOGIC IN terminal of the probe is placed on a chip at a location where the voltage is between 0 and 1.2 V, the voltage is considered a low level, and the green LED will light. (LEDs are lightemitting semiconductor diodes that will emit light when current is passed through them.) If the measured voltage is between 1.8 V and 5V, the reading is considered high, and the red LED will light. Any voltage between 1.2 V and 1.8 V is considered a “floating level” and is an indication that the system being measured is not operating correctly. Note that the reference levels mentioned above are established by the voltage divider network to the right of the schematic. The op-amps employed are of such high input impedance that their loading on the voltage divider network can be ignored and the voltage divider network considered a network unto itself. Even though three 5.5-V dc supply voltages are indicated on the diagram, be aware that all three points are connected to the same supply. The other voltages provided (the nodal voltages) are the voltage levels that should be present from that point to ground if the system is working properly. The op-amps are used to sense the difference between the reference at points 3 and 6 and the voltage picked up in LOGIC IN. Any difference will result in an output that will light either the green or the red LED. Be aware, because of the direct connection, that the voltage at point 3 is the same as shown by the nodal voltage to the left, or 1.8 V. Likewise, the voltage at point 6 is 1.2 V for comparison with the voltages at points 5 and 2, which reflect the measured voltage. If the input voltage happened to be 1.0 V, the difference between the voltages at points 5 and 6 would be 0.2 V, which ideally would appear at point 7. This low potential at point 7 would result in a current flowing from the much higher 5.5-V dc supply through the green LED, causing it to light and indicating a low condition. By the way, LEDs, like diodes, permit current through them only in the direction of the arrow in the symbol. Also note that the voltage at point 6 must be higher than that at point 5 for the output to turn on the LED. The same is true for point 2 over point 3, which reveals why the red LED does not light when the 1.0-V level is measured. APPLICATIONS ⏐⏐⏐ 305
306 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS AND SELECTED TOPICS (dc) +5.5 V R1 1.8 V R 2 1.5 V R 3 1.2 V R 4 +5.5 V R1 1.8 V R 2 1.5 V R 3 1.2 V R 4 �� 6.8 kΩ 560 Ω R5 1 MΩ 560 Ω 2.2 kΩ 6.8 kΩ 560 Ω R5 1 MΩ 560 Ω 2.2 kΩ 1 1 �� 1 �� 1 1 1 +5.5 V 3 + 4 U2A LM324 1 2 – 11 High 4 + – 11 7 5 +5.5 V U2B Low LM324 6 R6 +5.5 V U2A 3 + 4 LM324 1 2 – 11 High 4 + – 11 7 5 +5.5 V U2B Low LM324 6 R6 �� (a) (b) �� 10 kΩ 10 kΩ LED 1 Red R7 LED 2 Green TP LOGIC IN LED 1 Red R7 LED 2 Green TP LOGIC IN FIG. 8.90 Logic probe: (a) schematic with nodal voltages; (b) network with global connections; (c) photograph of commercially available unit. Oftentimes it is impractical to draw the full network as shown in Fig. 8.90(b) because there are space limitations or because the same voltage divider network is used to supply other parts of the system. In such cases one must recognize that points having the same shape are connected, and the number in the figure reveals how many connections are made to that point. �� 1.2 kΩ 1.2 kΩ N A +5.5 V +5.5 V
Page 2 and 3:
1 Introduction 1.1 THE ELECTRICAL/E
Page 4 and 5:
� S I mind that similar progressi
Page 6 and 7:
� S I denser, which we refer to t
Page 8 and 9:
� S I decades will probably conta
Page 10 and 11:
� S I TABLE 1.1 Comparison of the
Page 12 and 13:
� S I The second was originally d
Page 14 and 15:
� S I A quick method of determini
Page 16 and 17:
� S I revealing that the operatio
Page 18 and 19:
� S I 1 1 2300 � � 3.333E�1
Page 20 and 21:
� S I Since the power of ten will
Page 22 and 23:
� S I EXAMPLE 1.14 a. Determine t
Page 24 and 25:
� S I Initial Settings Format and
Page 26 and 27:
� S I c. Since the division will
Page 28 and 29:
� S I Three software packages wil
Page 30 and 31:
� S I SECTION 1.8 Conversion with
Page 32 and 33:
2 Current and Voltage 2.1 ATOMS AND
Page 34 and 35:
I e V CURRENT ⏐⏐⏐ 33 the dist
Page 36 and 37:
I e V The chemical activity of the
Page 38 and 39:
I e V erence plane. If the weight i
Page 40 and 41:
I e V 2.4 FIXED (dc) SUPPLIES The t
Page 42 and 43:
I e V FIG. 2.14 Maintenance-free 12
Page 44 and 45:
I e V batteries are relatively warm
Page 46 and 47:
I e V EXAMPLE 2.5 a. Determine the
Page 48 and 49:
I e V TABLE 2.1 Relative conductivi
Page 50 and 51:
I e V be accomplished is to open th
Page 52 and 53:
I e V (a) (c) Contact Sliding switc
Page 54 and 55:
I e V Control switch Meter leads (a
Page 56 and 57:
I e V tant to disconnect the charge
Page 58 and 59:
I e V GLOSSARY ⏐⏐⏐ 57 28. Fin
Page 60 and 61:
3 Resistance 3.1 INTRODUCTION The f
Page 62 and 63:
R G Note that the area of the condu
Page 64 and 65:
R G EXAMPLE 3.3 What is the resista
Page 66 and 67:
R G RESISTANCE: METRIC UNITS ⏐⏐
Page 68 and 69:
R G The conversion factor between r
Page 70 and 71:
R G Absolute zero -273.15°C Inferr
Page 72 and 73:
R G Since R 20 of Eq. (3.8) is the
Page 74 and 75:
R G result is a tremendous saving i
Page 76 and 77:
R G TYPES OF RESISTORS ⏐⏐⏐ 75
Page 78 and 79:
R G TYPES OF RESISTORS ⏐⏐⏐ 77
Page 80 and 81:
R G a 1% failure rate would reveal
Page 82 and 83:
R G gaps. Dropping to the 10% level
Page 84 and 85:
R G THERMISTORS ⏐⏐⏐ 83 Prelim
Page 86 and 87:
R G APPLICATIONS ⏐⏐⏐ 85 3.14
Page 88 and 89:
R G longer heating element in stand
Page 90 and 91:
R G cally this law relates voltage,
Page 92 and 93:
R G MATHCAD ⏐⏐⏐ 91 key at the
Page 94 and 95:
R G *13. What is the new resistance
Page 96:
R G SECTION 3.13 Varistors 58. a. R
Page 99 and 100:
98 ⏐⏐⏐ OHM’S LAW, POWER, AN
Page 101 and 102:
100 ⏐⏐⏐ OHM’S LAW, POWER, A
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 130 and 131:
5 Series Circuits 5.1 INTRODUCTION
Page 132 and 133:
S the same through series elements
Page 134 and 135:
S Solution: RT � R1 � R2 � R3
Page 136 and 137:
S type of element. In other words,
Page 138 and 139:
S c. V1 � IR1 � (2 A)(4 �)
Page 140 and 141:
S In the above discussion the curre
Page 142 and 143:
S Voltage Sources and Ground Except
Page 144 and 145:
S EXAMPLE 5.14 Find the voltage Vab
Page 146 and 147:
S EXAMPLE 5.19 Using the voltage di
Page 148 and 149:
S ∆V L 120 V 100 V 0 V L voltage
Page 150 and 151:
S EXAMPLE 5.24 Determine the voltag
Page 152 and 153:
S 5.11 APPLICATIONS Holiday Lights
Page 154 and 155:
S wiring, you will find that since
Page 156 and 157:
S and right-click on the mouse. A l
Page 158 and 159:
S FIG. 5.68 Applying Electronics Wo
Page 160 and 161:
S also be used to remind the progra
Page 162 and 163:
S 3. Find the applied voltage E nec
Page 164 and 165:
S 9. Determine the current I and th
Page 166 and 167:
S 40 V I + R 3 R 2 R 1 V 3 - 30 �
Page 168 and 169:
S *28. For the network of Fig. 5.97
Page 170 and 171:
6 Parallel Circuits 6.1 INTRODUCTIO
Page 172 and 173:
P rent level. In other words, as th
Page 174 and 175:
P EXAMPLE 6.4 a. Find the total res
Page 176 and 177:
P R T R 6 � R′ T � ��
Page 178 and 179:
P d. RT � 30 � � 30 � � 0
Page 180 and 181:
P 0.25 S � 0.1 S � 0.05 S � 0
Page 182 and 183:
P EXAMPLE 6.13 Determine the curren
Page 184 and 185:
P I2 � I4 � I5 12 A � I4 �
Page 186 and 187:
P For the particular case of two pa
Page 188 and 189:
P and (R 1 � R 2)I 1 � R 2I R 1
Page 190 and 191:
P A short circuit is a very low res
Page 192 and 193:
P must therefore be zero volts, as
Page 194 and 195:
P + E - A + - I s + - ensure a posi
Page 196 and 197:
P 12-gage fuse link Filter capacito
Page 198 and 199:
P car such as the lights, air condi
Page 200 and 201:
P careful, you can work with one li
Page 202 and 203:
P In particular, note that m (or M)
Page 204 and 205:
P This time, rather than using mete
Page 206 and 207:
P PROBLEMS ⏐⏐⏐ 205 *6. Determ
Page 208 and 209:
P 14. Using the information provide
Page 210 and 211:
P *21. Find the unknown quantities
Page 212 and 213:
P SECTION 6.8 Open and Short Circui
Page 214 and 215:
7 Series-Parallel Networks 7.1 SERI
Page 216 and 217:
S S P P For parallel resistors R 1
Page 218 and 219:
S S P P a I A E 16.8 V R 1 9 � R
Page 220 and 221:
S S P P I s R T E 24 V R 6 � R1
Page 222 and 223:
S S P P R 3 R 2 7 � 5 � I 3 R 4
Page 224 and 225:
S S P P E 72 V 72 V I5 ��
Page 226 and 227:
S S P P (6 �)I3 6 I6 ��
Page 228 and 229:
S S P P To demonstrate the validity
Page 230 and 231:
S S P P 7.5 POTENTIOMETER LOADING F
Page 232 and 233:
S S P P The Ammeter The maximum cur
Page 234 and 235:
S S P P ammeter or voltmeter becaus
Page 236 and 237:
S S P P 120 V + - VR1 R1 + - 1 �
Page 238 and 239:
S S P P would be created between th
Page 240 and 241:
S S P P Note also that the current
Page 242 and 243:
S S P P 7.9 COMPUTER ANALYSIS PSpic
Page 244 and 245:
Heading Preprocessor directive Defi
Page 246 and 247:
S S P P 3. For the network of Fig.
Page 248 and 249:
S S P P 10. For the network of Fig.
Page 250 and 251:
S S P P 17. For the configuration o
Page 252 and 253:
S S P P 26. For the ladder network
Page 254 and 255:
S S P P 34. Using a 50-mA, 1000-�
Page 256 and 257: 8 Methods of Analysis and Selected
Page 258 and 259: N A current-source networks, it wil
Page 260 and 261: N A excellent approximation to drop
Page 262 and 263: N A EXAMPLE 8.7 Reduce the network
Page 264 and 265: N A of series elements. Figure 8.20
Page 266 and 267: N A appearing in Solution 1 in a ve
Page 268 and 269: N A R 1 E 1 - + + - 4 � 15 V Appl
Page 270 and 271: N A EXAMPLE 8.11 Consider the same
Page 272 and 273: N A EXAMPLE 8.13 Find the branch cu
Page 274 and 275: N A Node a is then used to relate t
Page 276 and 277: N A 1. Assign a loop current to eac
Page 278 and 279: N A EXAMPLE 8.18 Find the current t
Page 280 and 281: N A The nodal analysis method is ap
Page 282 and 283: N A or I � � � and V2� �
Page 284 and 285: N A Step 3: Included in Fig. 8.49 f
Page 286 and 287: N A I 3 V 1 I 1 R 3 10 � 6 A R1 4
Page 288 and 289: N A EXAMPLE 8.23 Write the nodal eq
Page 290 and 291: N A EXAMPLE 8.25 Using nodal analys
Page 292 and 293: N A Solution: The nodal voltages ar
Page 294 and 295: N A with the bottom of the determin
Page 296 and 297: N A any unknown quantities if mesh
Page 298 and 299: N A To obtain the relationships nec
Page 300 and 301: N A Solution: RB RC (20 �)(10 �
Page 302 and 303: N A 8.13 APPLICATIONS The Applicati
Page 304 and 305: N A or outside forces such as light
Page 308 and 309: N A A photograph of the outside and
Page 310 and 311: N A PROBLEMS SECTION 8.2 Current So
Page 312 and 313: N A SECTION 8.4 Current Sources in
Page 314 and 315: N A *16. For the transistor configu
Page 316 and 317: N A SECTION 8.8 Mesh Analysis (Form
Page 318 and 319: N A *37. Using the supernode approa
Page 320 and 321: N A *49. Repeat Problem 48 for the
Page 322 and 323: 9 Network Theorems 9.1 INTRODUCTION
Page 324 and 325: Th This final relationship between
Page 326 and 327: Th The total current through the 4-
Page 328 and 329: I Th R 1 6 mA R 3 Current divider r
Page 330 and 331: Th E 1 12 V 6 � 4 V E 2 4 � (a)
Page 332 and 333: Th R 1 3 � R 2 6 � a R Th b b (
Page 334 and 335: Th R 1 R 1 6 � 6 � R 4 a 3 �
Page 336 and 337: Th 6 � R 1 R 2 12 � b R3 a R4 3
Page 338 and 339: Th Direct Measurement of E Th and R
Page 340 and 341: Th Conclusion: 5. Draw the Norton e
Page 342 and 343: Th NORTON’S THEOREM ⏐⏐⏐ 341
Page 344 and 345: Th E Th I N R N FIG. 9.78 Defining
Page 346 and 347: Th Note, in particular, that P L is
Page 348 and 349: Th When R L � R Th, R L h% ��
Page 350 and 351: Th EXAMPLE 9.14 A dc generator, bat
Page 352 and 353: Th Note Fig. 9.91, where V1 � V3
Page 354 and 355: Th that of E 1 and E 3. The total c
Page 356 and 357:
Th combination of elements that wil
Page 358 and 359:
Th RT � R1 � R2 � (R3 � R4)
Page 360 and 361:
Th are presented with a bundle of r
Page 362 and 363:
Th FIG. 9.116 Using PSpice to deter
Page 364 and 365:
Th FIG. 9.119 Using PSpice to deter
Page 366 and 367:
Th FIG. 9.121 Plot resulting from t
Page 368 and 369:
Th 2. Using superposition, find the
Page 370 and 371:
Th *8.Find the Thévenin equivalent
Page 372 and 373:
Th 21. For each network of Fig. 9.1
Page 374 and 375:
Th SECTION 9.8 Reciprocity Theorem
Page 376 and 377:
10 Capacitors 10.1 INTRODUCTION Thu
Page 378 and 379:
The attraction and repulsion betwee
Page 380 and 381:
w � Q, so the dielectric is also
Page 382 and 383:
d � o d d C = 5 µF A (a) C = 0.1
Page 384 and 385:
EXAMPLE 10.4 Find the maximum volta
Page 386 and 387:
Dipped phenolic coating Ceramic die
Page 388 and 389:
lower potential. This capacitor can
Page 390 and 391:
Type: Miniature Axial Electrolytic
Page 392 and 393:
The factor e �t/RC is an exponent
Page 394 and 395:
after five time constants of the ch
Page 396 and 397:
which employs the function e �x a
Page 398 and 399:
Solutions: a. Charging phase: vC
Page 400 and 401:
t2 � (R2 � R3)C � (1 k��3
Page 402 and 403:
a. Find the mathematical expression
Page 404 and 405:
and C t ��t loge�1 � �v
Page 406 and 407:
10.11 THÉVENIN EQUIVALENT: t � R
Page 408 and 409:
Solution: The network is redrawn in
Page 410 and 411:
�v 4 v 3 v2 0 v C (V) 1 t2 t3 �
Page 412 and 413:
and substituting for C T: 1/C 1 V 1
Page 414 and 415:
Solution: As previously discussed,
Page 416 and 417:
Flash Lamp The basic circuitry for
Page 418 and 419:
light in parallel with the capacito
Page 420 and 421:
Black (feed) Ground Black White Gro
Page 422 and 423:
sufficiently large to be considered
Page 424 and 425:
FIG. 10.77 Using PSpice to investig
Page 426 and 427:
Settings-AverageIC dialog box. Anal
Page 428 and 429:
16. Find the distance in millimeter
Page 430 and 431:
29. For the situation of Problem 25
Page 432 and 433:
*40. The capacitor of Fig. 10.100 i
Page 434 and 435:
*47. For the network of Fig. 10.107
Page 436 and 437:
11 Magnetic Circuits 11.1 INTRODUCT
Page 438 and 439:
Magnetic flux lines I Conductor FIG
Page 440 and 441:
EXAMPLE 11.1 For the core of Fig. 1
Page 442 and 443:
Substituting, we have (11.4) The ma
Page 444 and 445:
- H s - B max e Saturation B R d -
Page 446 and 447:
1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6
Page 448 and 449:
above is evidenced by the fact that
Page 450 and 451:
An approach frequently employed in
Page 452 and 453:
and the magnetizing force is H (she
Page 454 and 455:
The flux density of the air gap in
Page 456 and 457:
� � 0 Hbelbe � Hbcdelbcde �
Page 458 and 459:
EXAMPLE 11.9 Find the magnetic flux
Page 460 and 461:
Speakers and Microphones Electromag
Page 462 and 463:
4,000,000,000,000 bits of informati
Page 464 and 465:
ingly enough one that perhaps will
Page 466 and 467:
Hall Effect Sensor The Hall effect
Page 468 and 469:
ciently close to establish contact
Page 470 and 471:
SECTION 11.8 Hysteresis 9. For the
Page 472 and 473:
*18. For the series-parallel magnet
Page 474 and 475:
12 Inductors 12.1 INTRODUCTION We h
Page 476 and 477:
Inductors are coils of various dime
Page 478 and 479:
(a) (d) (b) FIG. 12.10 Various type
Page 480 and 481:
ciated with the applied ac signal m
Page 482 and 483:
the voltage across the coil is not
Page 484 and 485:
y 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0
Page 486 and 487:
12.8 INITIAL VALUES This section wi
Page 488 and 489:
Let us now test the validity of the
Page 490 and 491:
The mathematical expression for the
Page 492 and 493:
v R1 R1 Defined polarity + vL - v L
Page 494 and 495:
iL � (1 � e �t/t ) t � �
Page 496 and 497:
12.12 INDUCTORS IN SERIES AND PARAL
Page 498 and 499:
Applying the current divider rule,
Page 500 and 501:
EXAMPLE 12.12 Find the energy store
Page 502 and 503:
+ Feed 120 V ac - Return ��
Page 504 and 505:
would need for 15 W, not to mention
Page 506 and 507:
will scatter to all sides of the mo
Page 508 and 509:
ing trace appears in the bottom of
Page 510 and 511:
FIG. 12.61 Using PSpice to determin
Page 512 and 513:
Parameters, use 0 s as the Start ti
Page 514 and 515:
*11. Find the waveform for the curr
Page 516 and 517:
*19. For the network of Fig. 12.76:
Page 518 and 519:
*29. The switch of Fig. 12.83 has b
Page 520:
37. Find the voltage V 1 and the cu
Page 523 and 524:
522 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
Page 525 and 526:
Page 527 and 528:
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Page 533 and 534:
Page 535 and 536:
Page 537 and 538:
Page 539 and 540:
Page 541 and 542:
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Page 551 and 552:
Page 553 and 554:
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Page 561 and 562:
Page 563 and 564:
Page 565 and 566:
Page 567 and 568:
Page 569 and 570:
Page 571 and 572:
Page 573 and 574:
Page 576 and 577:
14 The Basic Elements and Phasors 1
Page 578 and 579:
� RESPONSE OF BASIC R, L, AND C E
Page 580 and 581:
� The opposition established by a
Page 582 and 583:
� Therefore, RESPONSE OF BASIC R,
Page 584 and 585:
Page 586 and 587:
Page 588 and 589:
Page 590 and 591:
� is directly related to the stra
Page 592 and 593:
� applied. In general, therefore,
Page 594 and 595:
� θv the voltage or current. The
Page 596 and 597:
� EXAMPLE 14.11 Determine the ave
Page 598 and 599:
� any number not on the real axis
Page 600 and 601:
� Polar to Rectangular X � Z co
Page 602 and 603:
� Reciprocal The reciprocal of a
Page 604 and 605:
� - Multiplication To multiply tw
Page 606 and 607:
� Solutions: a. By Eq. (14.34), b
Page 608 and 609:
� often frustrating if one lost m
Page 610 and 611:
� CALCULATOR AND COMPUTER METHODS
Page 612 and 613:
� PHASORS ⏐⏐⏐ 611 is entere
Page 614 and 615:
� PHASORS ⏐⏐⏐ 613 6 A v 1 =
Page 616 and 617:
� PHASORS ⏐⏐⏐ 615 - 2 p 41.
Page 618 and 619:
� COMPUTER ANALYSIS ⏐⏐⏐ 617
Page 620 and 621:
Page 622 and 623:
Page 624 and 625:
Page 626 and 627:
� PROBLEMS ⏐⏐⏐ 625 *20. For
Page 628 and 629:
� PROBLEMS ⏐⏐⏐ 627 *47. a.
Page 630 and 631:
15 Series and Parallel ac Circuits
Page 632 and 633:
a c v � 100 sin qt ⇒ phasor for
Page 634 and 635:
a c v � 24 sin qt ⇒ phasor form
Page 636 and 637:
a c v � 15 sin qt ⇒ phasor nota
Page 638 and 639:
a c real and imaginary axes and fin
Page 640 and 641:
a c In rectangular form, and VR �
Page 642 and 643:
a c Time domain: In the time domain
Page 644 and 645:
a c or E � V R � V L � V C wh
Page 646 and 647:
a c (6�0)*(50�30)/((6�0)�(9
Page 648 and 649:
a c Therefore, E � �(1�3�.3
Page 650 and 651:
a c f � 1 kHz XC � � �15.92
Page 652 and 653:
a c f � 0 Hz XC � � ⇒ very
Page 654 and 655:
a c ohms and the short-circuit equi
Page 656 and 657:
a c elements by 90°, and leads the
Page 658 and 659:
a c EXAMPLE 15.12 For the network o
Page 660 and 661:
a c EXAMPLE 15.14 Find the admittan
Page 662 and 663:
a c I Admittance diagram: As shown
Page 664 and 665:
a c E Admittance diagram: As shown
Page 666 and 667:
a c Phasor notation: As shown in Fi
Page 668 and 669:
a c Using Eq. (15.32), we obtain G
Page 670 and 671:
a c on the total impedance at that
Page 672 and 673:
a c 90° 60° 45° 30° 0° θ T In
Page 674 and 675:
a c 0° -30° -45° -60° -90° θL
Page 676 and 677:
a c The total impedance at the freq
Page 678 and 679:
a c Solution: Rp � 8k� Xp (resu
Page 680 and 681:
a c I = 12 A ∠ 0° FIG. 15.95 Ser
Page 682 and 683:
a c + e - a + v R - R impedance. Th
Page 684 and 685:
a c Switched outlets Parallel outle
Page 686 and 687:
a c transfer of power (see Section
Page 688 and 689:
a c Consequently, the sound generat
Page 690 and 691:
a c V applied 170 80.24 V(volts) V
Page 692 and 693:
a c Run PSpice key. The result will
Page 694 and 695:
a c Electronics Workbench We will n
Page 696 and 697:
a c PROBLEMS SECTION 15.2 Impedance
Page 698 and 699:
a c 7. For the circuit of Fig. 15.1
Page 700 and 701:
a c + E = 20 V ∠ 70° - 20 � (a
Page 702 and 703:
a c SECTION 15.7 Admittance and Sus
Page 704 and 705:
a c 31. Repeat Problem 30 for the c
Page 706 and 707:
a c 41. For the network of Fig. 15.
Page 708:
a c GLOSSARY Admittance A measure o
Page 711 and 712:
710 ⏐⏐⏐ SERIES-PARALLEL ac NE
Page 713 and 714:
Page 715 and 716:
Page 717 and 718:
Page 719 and 720:
Page 721 and 722:
Page 723 and 724:
Page 725 and 726:
Page 727 and 728:
Page 729 and 730:
Page 731 and 732:
Page 733 and 734:
Page 735 and 736:
Page 737 and 738:
Page 739 and 740:
Page 741 and 742:
Page 743 and 744:
Page 745 and 746:
744 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS A
Page 747 and 748:
Page 749 and 750:
Page 751 and 752:
Page 753 and 754:
Page 755 and 756:
Page 757 and 758:
Page 759 and 760:
Page 761 and 762:
Page 763 and 764:
Page 765 and 766:
Page 767 and 768:
Page 769 and 770:
Page 771 and 772:
Page 773 and 774:
Page 775 and 776:
Page 777 and 778:
Page 779 and 780:
Page 781 and 782:
Page 783 and 784:
Page 785 and 786:
Page 787 and 788:
Page 789 and 790:
Page 792 and 793:
18 Network Theorems (ac) 18.1 INTRO
Page 794 and 795:
Th Z 1 E 1- + Z 1 I s1 j 4 � Z1
Page 796 and 797:
Th EXAMPLE 18.4 For the network of
Page 798 and 799:
Th pendent sources. The solution ob
Page 800 and 801:
Th is the replacement of the term r
Page 802 and 803:
Th Z1 � R1 � j XL1 � 6 ��
Page 804 and 805:
Th will behave like the actual tran
Page 806 and 807:
Th obtained by applying a source of
Page 808 and 809:
Th Method 3: See Fig. 18.49. Eg Ig
Page 810 and 811:
Th or Eoc�1 � � � k1k2R2
Page 812 and 813:
Th Independent Sources The procedur
Page 814 and 815:
Th Solution: Steps 1 and 2 (Fig. 18
Page 816 and 817:
Th The Norton equivalent circuit ap
Page 818 and 819:
Th so Eg(1 � h) � Ig[R1 � (1
Page 820 and 821:
Th + E = 9 V ∠ 0° - Z1Z 2 (10
Page 822 and 823:
Th (8.54 V) 72.93 and Pmax � �
Page 824 and 825:
Th ��
Page 826 and 827:
Th For 100 W, Is � � Np �Ip
Page 828 and 829:
Th Redrawing the network as shown i
Page 830 and 831:
Th 0.5 -0.5 v s (volts) 0 T /2 T -T
Page 832 and 833:
Th culation of �32.74° of Exampl
Page 834 and 835:
Th FIG. 18.101 Using PSpice to dete
Page 836 and 837:
Th FIG. 18.104 The output file for
Page 838 and 839:
Th FIG. 18.107 Using PSpice to dete
Page 840 and 841:
Th *5. Using superposition, find th
Page 842 and 843:
Th PROBLEMS ⏐⏐⏐ 841 11. Find
Page 844 and 845:
Th PROBLEMS ⏐⏐⏐ 843 20. Find
Page 846 and 847:
Th PROBLEMS ⏐⏐⏐ 845 *40. Find
Page 848 and 849:
Th GLOSSARY ⏐⏐⏐ 847 49. Using
Page 850 and 851:
19 Power (ac) 19.1 INTRODUCTION The
Page 852 and 853:
P q s Power delivered to element by
Page 854 and 855:
P q s The reason for rating some el
Page 856 and 857:
P q s If the average power is zero,
Page 858 and 859:
P q s 2 V and QC � �� (VAR) (
Page 860 and 861:
P q s j I 2 X L = Q L I 2 X C = Q C
Page 862 and 863:
P q s Thus, PT 600 W Fp ��
Page 864 and 865:
P q s Motor: h � Pi � � �45
Page 866 and 867:
P q s + E = E ∠0° - I L Solving
Page 868 and 869:
P q s The equivalent parallel load
Page 870 and 871:
P q s As the name implies, power-fa
Page 872 and 873:
P q s duced, the eddy current loss
Page 874 and 875:
P q s The vast majority of generato
Page 876 and 877:
P q s 349.2 kW � 240 kW � 109.2
Page 878 and 879:
P q s Peak icon to the right of the
Page 880 and 881:
P q s small region below the axis i
Page 882 and 883:
P q s 6. For the circuit of Fig. 19
Page 884 and 885:
P q s *14. For the circuit of Fig.
Page 886:
P q s SECTION 19.10 Effective Resis
Page 889 and 890:
888 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE E s + - Sou
Page 891 and 892:
890 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE Q L = I 2 X
Page 893 and 894:
892 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE R R( f ) 0
Page 895 and 896:
894 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE f < f s: ne
Page 897 and 898:
896 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE Solving the
Page 899 and 900:
898 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE As Q s of t
Page 901 and 902:
900 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE b. Since Qs
Page 903 and 904:
902 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE I Z T Y T R
Page 905 and 906:
904 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE R l Z Tm Z
Page 907 and 908:
906 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE Setting the
Page 909 and 910:
908 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE Inductive R
Page 911 and 912:
910 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE For an idea
Page 913 and 914:
912 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE TABLE 20.1
Page 915 and 916:
914 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE Example 20.
Page 917 and 918:
916 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE I e. Ql ≥
Page 919 and 920:
918 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE Therefore,
Page 921 and 922:
920 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE Volume Full
Page 923 and 924:
922 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE bandwidth
Page 925 and 926:
924 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE FIG. 20.43
Page 927 and 928:
926 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE cursor esta
Page 929 and 930:
928 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE FIG. 20.48
Page 931 and 932:
930 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE I 2 mA IL I
Page 933 and 934:
932 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE ZT I = 5 mA
Page 935 and 936:
934 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE Z Tp GLOSSA
Page 937 and 938:
936 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS + e p -
Page 939 and 940:
938 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS L p = 20
Page 941 and 942:
940 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS revealin
Page 943 and 944:
942 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS Since th
Page 945 and 946:
944 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS Solution
Page 947 and 948:
946 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS Public a
Page 949 and 950:
948 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS + v x -
Page 951 and 952:
950 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS + V g -
Page 953 and 954:
952 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS + V g -
Page 955 and 956:
954 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS (a) (b)
Page 957 and 958:
956 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS polariti
Page 959 and 960:
958 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS Iron cor
Page 961 and 962:
960 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS Primary
Page 963 and 964:
962 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS Z i + E
Page 965 and 966:
964 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS Source +
Page 967 and 968:
966 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS ��
Page 969 and 970:
968 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS insertio
Page 971 and 972:
970 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS FIG. 21.
Page 973 and 974:
972 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS + Vg = 2
Page 975 and 976:
974 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS q = 1000
Page 978 and 979:
22 Polyphase Systems 22.1 INTRODUCT
Page 980 and 981:
0.866 E m(CN) 0.866 E m(BN) This is
Page 982 and 983:
E BC The length x is C B + - E CN E
Page 984 and 985:
B C E BC E CA (a) ⎪ ⎬ ⎪ ⎭ E
Page 986 and 987:
. EL � �3�Ef � (1.73)(120 V
Page 988 and 989:
E CA = 150 V ∠ v 3 b. Vf � EL.T
Page 990 and 991:
I Bb I AC 30° 120° It can be show
Page 992 and 993:
The phase voltages are Van � IanZ
Page 994 and 995:
Power Factor The power factor of th
Page 996 and 997:
Power Factor S T � 3S f � �3
Page 998 and 999:
A + EAN - or EAN � IfZline � Vf
Page 1000 and 1001:
methods of determining whether the
Page 1002 and 1003:
IBb � Ibc � Iab � 8.32 A �
Page 1004 and 1005:
or multiphase, result in a total lo
Page 1006 and 1007:
40,000 V �120° � 33,200 V �
Page 1008 and 1009:
7. For the system of Fig. 22.39, fi
Page 1010 and 1011:
C 14. Repeat Problem 13 if the phas
Page 1012 and 1013:
3-phase ∆-connected generator Pha
Page 1014 and 1015:
*43. The Y-Y system of Fig. 22.48 h
Page 1016:
GLOSSARY �-connected ac generator
Page 1019 and 1020:
1018 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
Page 1021 and 1022:
Page 1023 and 1024:
Page 1025 and 1026:
Page 1027 and 1028:
Page 1029 and 1030:
Page 1031 and 1032:
Page 1033 and 1034:
Page 1035 and 1036:
Page 1037 and 1038:
Page 1039 and 1040:
Page 1041 and 1042:
Page 1043 and 1044:
Page 1045 and 1046:
Page 1047 and 1048:
Page 1049 and 1050:
Page 1051 and 1052:
Page 1053 and 1054:
Page 1055 and 1056:
Page 1057 and 1058:
Page 1059 and 1060:
Page 1061 and 1062:
Page 1063 and 1064:
Page 1065 and 1066:
Page 1067 and 1068:
Page 1069 and 1070:
Page 1071 and 1072:
Page 1073 and 1074:
Page 1075 and 1076:
Page 1077 and 1078:
Page 1079 and 1080:
Page 1081 and 1082:
Page 1083 and 1084:
Page 1085 and 1086:
Page 1087 and 1088:
Page 1089 and 1090:
Page 1091 and 1092:
Page 1093 and 1094:
Page 1095 and 1096:
1094 ⏐⏐⏐ PULSE WAVEFORMS AND
Page 1097 and 1098:
Page 1099 and 1100:
Page 1101 and 1102:
Page 1103 and 1104:
Page 1105 and 1106:
Page 1107 and 1108:
Page 1109 and 1110:
Page 1111 and 1112:
Page 1113 and 1114:
Page 1115 and 1116:
Page 1117 and 1118:
Page 1119 and 1120:
Page 1121 and 1122:
Page 1124 and 1125:
25 Nonsinusoidal Circuits 25.1 INTR
Page 1126 and 1127:
NON Average Value: A 0 The dc term
Page 1128 and 1129:
NON f(t) � �f � t � � T 2
Page 1130 and 1131:
NON EXAMPLE 25.1 Determine which co
Page 1132 and 1133:
NON 1 sin qt i t 1 (i = 0) FIG. 25.
Page 1134 and 1135:
NON Vm 0 v 1 (a) and v � Vm�1
Page 1136 and 1137:
NON v(a) � V 0 � V m1 sin a �
Page 1138 and 1139:
NON EXAMPLE 25.7 The input to the c
Page 1140 and 1141:
NON ZT1 � 6 ��j 37.7 ��38
Page 1142 and 1143:
NON FIG. 25.28 Using PSpice to appl
Page 1144 and 1145:
NON you can change the range to 0 H
Page 1146 and 1147:
NON 9. Find the total average power
Page 1148:
NON 24. Given any nonsinusoidal fun
Page 1151 and 1152:
1150 ⏐⏐⏐ SYSTEM ANALYSIS: AN
Page 1153 and 1154:
Page 1155 and 1156:
Page 1157 and 1158:
Page 1159 and 1160:
Page 1161 and 1162:
Page 1163 and 1164:
Page 1165 and 1166:
Page 1167 and 1168:
Page 1169 and 1170:
Page 1171 and 1172:
Page 1173 and 1174:
Page 1175 and 1176:
Page 1177 and 1178:
Page 1179 and 1180:
Page 1181 and 1182:
Page 1183 and 1184:
Page 1185 and 1186:
Page 1187 and 1188:
Page 1189 and 1190:
Page 1191 and 1192:
Page 1193 and 1194:
1192 Appendixes APPENDIX A PSpice,
Page 1195 and 1196:
1194 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES A.3 Mathc
Page 1197 and 1198:
1196 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES To Conver
Page 1199 and 1200:
1198 Appendix C DETERMINANTS Determ
Page 1201 and 1202:
1200 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES 2 3 �3
Page 1203 and 1204:
1202 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES x � War
Page 1205 and 1206:
1204 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES D Note th
Page 1207 and 1208:
1206 Appendix D COLOR CODING OF MOL
Page 1209 and 1210:
1208 Appendix F MAGNETIC PARAMETER
Page 1211 and 1212:
1210 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES and the p
Page 1213 and 1214:
1212 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES 3. (a) 16
Page 1215 and 1216:
1214 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES (b) 50(1
Page 1217 and 1218:
1216 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES (f) 300 W
Page 1219 and 1220:
1218 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES 9. (a) E
show all

boylistad

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?