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ƒ r<br />
FIG. 20.44<br />
Parallel resonant network to be analyzed using PSpice.<br />
FIG. 20.45<br />
Resonance curve for the voltage across the capacitor of Fig. 20.44.<br />
COMPUTER ANALYSIS ⏐⏐⏐ 925
ƒ r FIG. 20.44 Parallel resonant network to be analyzed using PSpice. FIG. 20.45 Resonance curve for the voltage across the capacitor of Fig. 20.44. COMPUTER ANALYSIS ⏐⏐⏐ 925
926 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE cursor established on the screen. The Cursor Peak pad was then chosen to find the peak value of the curve. The result was A1 � 319.45 mV at 28.94 kHz which is a very close match with the calculated value of 318.68 mV at 28.57 kHz for the maximum value of V C. The bandwidth is defined at a level of 0.707(319.45 mV) � 225.85 mV. Using the right-click cursor, we find that the closest we can come is 224.72 mV for the 10,000 points of data per decade. The resulting frequency is 34.69 kHz as shown in the Probe Cursor box of Fig. 20.45. We can now use the left-click cursor to find the same level to the left of the peak value so that we can determine the bandwidth. The closest that the left-click cursor can come to 225.85 mV is 224.96 mV at a frequency of 23.97 kHz. The bandwidth will then appear as 10.72 kHz in the Probe Cursor box, comparing very well with the longhand solution of 10.68 kHz in Example 20.7. It would now be interesting to look at the phase angle of the voltage across the parallel network to find the frequency when the network appears resistive and the phase angle is 0°. First use Trace-Delete All Traces, and call up P(V(C:1)) followed by OK. The result is the plot of Fig. 20.46, revealing that the phase angle is close to �90° at very high frequencies as the capacitive element with its decreasing reactance takes over the characteristics of the parallel network. At 10 kHz the inductive element has a lower reactance than the capacitive element, and the network has a positive phase angle. Using the cursor option, we can move the left click along the horizontal axis until the phase angle is at its minimum value. As shown in Fig. 20.46, the smallest angle available with the determined data points is 49.86 mdegrees � 0.05° which is certainly very close to 0°. The corresponding frequency is 27.046 kHz which is essentially an exact match with the longhand solution of FIG. 20.46 Phase plot for the voltage v C for the parallel resonant network of Fig. 20.44. ƒ r
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1 Introduction 1.1 THE ELECTRICAL/E
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� S I mind that similar progressi
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� S I denser, which we refer to t
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� S I decades will probably conta
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� S I TABLE 1.1 Comparison of the
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� S I The second was originally d
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� S I A quick method of determini
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� S I revealing that the operatio
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� S I 1 1 2300 � � 3.333E�1
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� S I Since the power of ten will
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� S I EXAMPLE 1.14 a. Determine t
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� S I Initial Settings Format and
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� S I c. Since the division will
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� S I Three software packages wil
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� S I SECTION 1.8 Conversion with
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2 Current and Voltage 2.1 ATOMS AND
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I e V CURRENT ⏐⏐⏐ 33 the dist
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I e V The chemical activity of the
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I e V erence plane. If the weight i
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I e V 2.4 FIXED (dc) SUPPLIES The t
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I e V FIG. 2.14 Maintenance-free 12
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I e V batteries are relatively warm
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I e V EXAMPLE 2.5 a. Determine the
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I e V TABLE 2.1 Relative conductivi
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I e V be accomplished is to open th
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I e V (a) (c) Contact Sliding switc
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I e V Control switch Meter leads (a
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I e V tant to disconnect the charge
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I e V GLOSSARY ⏐⏐⏐ 57 28. Fin
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3 Resistance 3.1 INTRODUCTION The f
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R G Note that the area of the condu
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R G EXAMPLE 3.3 What is the resista
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R G RESISTANCE: METRIC UNITS ⏐⏐
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R G The conversion factor between r
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R G Absolute zero -273.15°C Inferr
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R G Since R 20 of Eq. (3.8) is the
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R G result is a tremendous saving i
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R G TYPES OF RESISTORS ⏐⏐⏐ 75
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R G TYPES OF RESISTORS ⏐⏐⏐ 77
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R G a 1% failure rate would reveal
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R G gaps. Dropping to the 10% level
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R G THERMISTORS ⏐⏐⏐ 83 Prelim
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R G APPLICATIONS ⏐⏐⏐ 85 3.14
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R G longer heating element in stand
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R G cally this law relates voltage,
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R G MATHCAD ⏐⏐⏐ 91 key at the
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R G *13. What is the new resistance
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R G SECTION 3.13 Varistors 58. a. R
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98 ⏐⏐⏐ OHM’S LAW, POWER, AN
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100 ⏐⏐⏐ OHM’S LAW, POWER, A
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102 ⏐⏐⏐ OHM’S LAW, POWER, A
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104 ⏐⏐⏐ OHM’S LAW, POWER, A
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106 ⏐⏐⏐ OHM’S LAW, POWER, A
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108 ⏐⏐⏐ OHM’S LAW, POWER, A
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110 ⏐⏐⏐ OHM’S LAW, POWER, A
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112 ⏐⏐⏐ OHM’S LAW, POWER, A
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114 ⏐⏐⏐ OHM’S LAW, POWER, A
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116 ⏐⏐⏐ OHM’S LAW, POWER, A
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118 ⏐⏐⏐ OHM’S LAW, POWER, A
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120 ⏐⏐⏐ OHM’S LAW, POWER, A
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122 ⏐⏐⏐ OHM’S LAW, POWER, A
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124 ⏐⏐⏐ OHM’S LAW, POWER, A
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126 ⏐⏐⏐ OHM’S LAW, POWER, A
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5 Series Circuits 5.1 INTRODUCTION
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S the same through series elements
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S Solution: RT � R1 � R2 � R3
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S type of element. In other words,
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S c. V1 � IR1 � (2 A)(4 �)
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S In the above discussion the curre
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S Voltage Sources and Ground Except
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S EXAMPLE 5.14 Find the voltage Vab
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S EXAMPLE 5.19 Using the voltage di
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S ∆V L 120 V 100 V 0 V L voltage
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S EXAMPLE 5.24 Determine the voltag
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S 5.11 APPLICATIONS Holiday Lights
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S wiring, you will find that since
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S and right-click on the mouse. A l
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S FIG. 5.68 Applying Electronics Wo
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S also be used to remind the progra
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S 3. Find the applied voltage E nec
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S 9. Determine the current I and th
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S 40 V I + R 3 R 2 R 1 V 3 - 30 �
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S *28. For the network of Fig. 5.97
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6 Parallel Circuits 6.1 INTRODUCTIO
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P rent level. In other words, as th
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P EXAMPLE 6.4 a. Find the total res
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P R T R 6 � R′ T � �� �
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P d. RT � 30 � � 30 � � 0
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P 0.25 S � 0.1 S � 0.05 S � 0
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P EXAMPLE 6.13 Determine the curren
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P I2 � I4 � I5 12 A � I4 �
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P For the particular case of two pa
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P and (R 1 � R 2)I 1 � R 2I R 1
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P A short circuit is a very low res
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P must therefore be zero volts, as
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P + E - A + - I s + - ensure a posi
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P 12-gage fuse link Filter capacito
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P car such as the lights, air condi
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P careful, you can work with one li
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P In particular, note that m (or M)
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P This time, rather than using mete
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P PROBLEMS ⏐⏐⏐ 205 *6. Determ
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P 14. Using the information provide
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P *21. Find the unknown quantities
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P SECTION 6.8 Open and Short Circui
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7 Series-Parallel Networks 7.1 SERI
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S S P P For parallel resistors R 1
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S S P P a I A E 16.8 V R 1 9 � R
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S S P P I s R T E 24 V R 6 � R1
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S S P P R 3 R 2 7 � 5 � I 3 R 4
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S S P P E 72 V 72 V I5 ���
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S S P P (6 �)I3 6 I6 ���
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S S P P To demonstrate the validity
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S S P P 7.5 POTENTIOMETER LOADING F
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S S P P The Ammeter The maximum cur
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S S P P ammeter or voltmeter becaus
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S S P P 120 V + - VR1 R1 + - 1 �
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S S P P would be created between th
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S S P P Note also that the current
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S S P P 7.9 COMPUTER ANALYSIS PSpic
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Heading Preprocessor directive Defi
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S S P P 3. For the network of Fig.
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S S P P 10. For the network of Fig.
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S S P P 17. For the configuration o
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S S P P 26. For the ladder network
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S S P P 34. Using a 50-mA, 1000-�
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8 Methods of Analysis and Selected
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N A current-source networks, it wil
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N A excellent approximation to drop
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N A EXAMPLE 8.7 Reduce the network
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N A of series elements. Figure 8.20
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N A appearing in Solution 1 in a ve
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N A R 1 E 1 - + + - 4 � 15 V Appl
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N A EXAMPLE 8.11 Consider the same
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N A EXAMPLE 8.13 Find the branch cu
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N A Node a is then used to relate t
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N A 1. Assign a loop current to eac
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N A EXAMPLE 8.18 Find the current t
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N A The nodal analysis method is ap
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N A or I � � � and V2� �
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N A Step 3: Included in Fig. 8.49 f
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N A I 3 V 1 I 1 R 3 10 � 6 A R1 4
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N A EXAMPLE 8.23 Write the nodal eq
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N A EXAMPLE 8.25 Using nodal analys
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N A Solution: The nodal voltages ar
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N A with the bottom of the determin
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N A any unknown quantities if mesh
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N A To obtain the relationships nec
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N A Solution: RB RC (20 �)(10 �
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N A 8.13 APPLICATIONS The Applicati
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N A or outside forces such as light
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N A Schematic with Nodal Voltages W
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N A A photograph of the outside and
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N A PROBLEMS SECTION 8.2 Current So
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N A SECTION 8.4 Current Sources in
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N A *16. For the transistor configu
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N A SECTION 8.8 Mesh Analysis (Form
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N A *37. Using the supernode approa
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N A *49. Repeat Problem 48 for the
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9 Network Theorems 9.1 INTRODUCTION
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Th This final relationship between
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Th The total current through the 4-
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I Th R 1 6 mA R 3 Current divider r
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Th E 1 12 V 6 � 4 V E 2 4 � (a)
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Th R 1 3 � R 2 6 � a R Th b b (
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Th R 1 R 1 6 � 6 � R 4 a 3 �
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Th 6 � R 1 R 2 12 � b R3 a R4 3
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Th Direct Measurement of E Th and R
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Th Conclusion: 5. Draw the Norton e
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Th NORTON’S THEOREM ⏐⏐⏐ 341
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Th E Th I N R N FIG. 9.78 Defining
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Th Note, in particular, that P L is
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Th When R L � R Th, R L h% ��
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Th EXAMPLE 9.14 A dc generator, bat
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Th Note Fig. 9.91, where V1 � V3
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Th that of E 1 and E 3. The total c
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Th combination of elements that wil
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Th RT � R1 � R2 � (R3 � R4)
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Th are presented with a bundle of r
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Th FIG. 9.116 Using PSpice to deter
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Th FIG. 9.119 Using PSpice to deter
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Th FIG. 9.121 Plot resulting from t
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Th 2. Using superposition, find the
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Th *8.Find the Thévenin equivalent
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Th 21. For each network of Fig. 9.1
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Th SECTION 9.8 Reciprocity Theorem
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10 Capacitors 10.1 INTRODUCTION Thu
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The attraction and repulsion betwee
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w � Q, so the dielectric is also
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d � o d d C = 5 µF A (a) C = 0.1
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EXAMPLE 10.4 Find the maximum volta
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Dipped phenolic coating Ceramic die
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lower potential. This capacitor can
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Type: Miniature Axial Electrolytic
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The factor e �t/RC is an exponent
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after five time constants of the ch
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which employs the function e �x a
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Solutions: a. Charging phase: vC
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t2 � (R2 � R3)C � (1 k��3
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a. Find the mathematical expression
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and C t ��t loge�1 � �v
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10.11 THÉVENIN EQUIVALENT: t � R
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Solution: The network is redrawn in
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�v 4 v 3 v2 0 v C (V) 1 t2 t3 �
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and substituting for C T: 1/C 1 V 1
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Solution: As previously discussed,
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Flash Lamp The basic circuitry for
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light in parallel with the capacito
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Black (feed) Ground Black White Gro
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sufficiently large to be considered
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FIG. 10.77 Using PSpice to investig
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Settings-AverageIC dialog box. Anal
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16. Find the distance in millimeter
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29. For the situation of Problem 25
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*40. The capacitor of Fig. 10.100 i
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*47. For the network of Fig. 10.107
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11 Magnetic Circuits 11.1 INTRODUCT
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Magnetic flux lines I Conductor FIG
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EXAMPLE 11.1 For the core of Fig. 1
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Substituting, we have (11.4) The ma
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- H s - B max e Saturation B R d -
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1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6
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above is evidenced by the fact that
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An approach frequently employed in
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and the magnetizing force is H (she
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The flux density of the air gap in
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� � 0 Hbelbe � Hbcdelbcde �
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EXAMPLE 11.9 Find the magnetic flux
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Speakers and Microphones Electromag
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4,000,000,000,000 bits of informati
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ingly enough one that perhaps will
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Hall Effect Sensor The Hall effect
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ciently close to establish contact
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SECTION 11.8 Hysteresis 9. For the
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*18. For the series-parallel magnet
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12 Inductors 12.1 INTRODUCTION We h
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Inductors are coils of various dime
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(a) (d) (b) FIG. 12.10 Various type
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ciated with the applied ac signal m
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the voltage across the coil is not
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y 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0
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12.8 INITIAL VALUES This section wi
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Let us now test the validity of the
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The mathematical expression for the
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v R1 R1 Defined polarity + vL - v L
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iL � (1 � e �t/t ) t � �
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12.12 INDUCTORS IN SERIES AND PARAL
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Applying the current divider rule,
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EXAMPLE 12.12 Find the energy store
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+ Feed 120 V ac - Return ���
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would need for 15 W, not to mention
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will scatter to all sides of the mo
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ing trace appears in the bottom of
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FIG. 12.61 Using PSpice to determin
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Parameters, use 0 s as the Start ti
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*11. Find the waveform for the curr
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*19. For the network of Fig. 12.76:
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*29. The switch of Fig. 12.83 has b
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37. Find the voltage V 1 and the cu
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522 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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524 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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526 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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528 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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530 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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532 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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534 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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536 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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538 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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540 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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542 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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544 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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546 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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548 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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550 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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552 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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554 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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556 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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558 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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560 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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562 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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564 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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566 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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568 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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570 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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572 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIN
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14 The Basic Elements and Phasors 1
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� RESPONSE OF BASIC R, L, AND C E
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� The opposition established by a
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� Therefore, RESPONSE OF BASIC R,
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� RESPONSE OF BASIC R, L, AND C E
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� RESPONSE OF BASIC R, L, AND C E
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� RESPONSE OF BASIC R, L, AND C E
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� is directly related to the stra
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� applied. In general, therefore,
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� θv the voltage or current. The
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� EXAMPLE 14.11 Determine the ave
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� any number not on the real axis
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� Polar to Rectangular X � Z co
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� Reciprocal The reciprocal of a
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� - Multiplication To multiply tw
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� Solutions: a. By Eq. (14.34), b
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� often frustrating if one lost m
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� CALCULATOR AND COMPUTER METHODS
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� PHASORS ⏐⏐⏐ 611 is entere
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� PHASORS ⏐⏐⏐ 613 6 A v 1 =
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� PHASORS ⏐⏐⏐ 615 - 2 p 41.
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� COMPUTER ANALYSIS ⏐⏐⏐ 617
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� COMPUTER ANALYSIS ⏐⏐⏐ 619
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� COMPUTER ANALYSIS ⏐⏐⏐ 621
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� COMPUTER ANALYSIS ⏐⏐⏐ 623
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� PROBLEMS ⏐⏐⏐ 625 *20. For
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� PROBLEMS ⏐⏐⏐ 627 *47. a.
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15 Series and Parallel ac Circuits
- Page 632 and 633:
a c v � 100 sin qt ⇒ phasor for
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a c v � 24 sin qt ⇒ phasor form
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a c v � 15 sin qt ⇒ phasor nota
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a c real and imaginary axes and fin
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a c In rectangular form, and VR �
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a c Time domain: In the time domain
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a c or E � V R � V L � V C wh
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a c (6�0)*(50�30)/((6�0)�(9
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a c Therefore, E � �(1�3�.3
- Page 650 and 651:
a c f � 1 kHz XC � � �15.92
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a c f � 0 Hz XC � � ⇒ very
- Page 654 and 655:
a c ohms and the short-circuit equi
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a c elements by 90°, and leads the
- Page 658 and 659:
a c EXAMPLE 15.12 For the network o
- Page 660 and 661:
a c EXAMPLE 15.14 Find the admittan
- Page 662 and 663:
a c I Admittance diagram: As shown
- Page 664 and 665:
a c E Admittance diagram: As shown
- Page 666 and 667:
a c Phasor notation: As shown in Fi
- Page 668 and 669:
a c Using Eq. (15.32), we obtain G
- Page 670 and 671:
a c on the total impedance at that
- Page 672 and 673:
a c 90° 60° 45° 30° 0° θ T In
- Page 674 and 675:
a c 0° -30° -45° -60° -90° θL
- Page 676 and 677:
a c The total impedance at the freq
- Page 678 and 679:
a c Solution: Rp � 8k� Xp (resu
- Page 680 and 681:
a c I = 12 A ∠ 0° FIG. 15.95 Ser
- Page 682 and 683:
a c + e - a + v R - R impedance. Th
- Page 684 and 685:
a c Switched outlets Parallel outle
- Page 686 and 687:
a c transfer of power (see Section
- Page 688 and 689:
a c Consequently, the sound generat
- Page 690 and 691:
a c V applied 170 80.24 V(volts) V
- Page 692 and 693:
a c Run PSpice key. The result will
- Page 694 and 695:
a c Electronics Workbench We will n
- Page 696 and 697:
a c PROBLEMS SECTION 15.2 Impedance
- Page 698 and 699:
a c 7. For the circuit of Fig. 15.1
- Page 700 and 701:
a c + E = 20 V ∠ 70° - 20 � (a
- Page 702 and 703:
a c SECTION 15.7 Admittance and Sus
- Page 704 and 705:
a c 31. Repeat Problem 30 for the c
- Page 706 and 707:
a c 41. For the network of Fig. 15.
- Page 708:
a c GLOSSARY Admittance A measure o
- Page 711 and 712:
710 ⏐⏐⏐ SERIES-PARALLEL ac NE
- Page 713 and 714:
712 ⏐⏐⏐ SERIES-PARALLEL ac NE
- Page 715 and 716:
714 ⏐⏐⏐ SERIES-PARALLEL ac NE
- Page 717 and 718:
716 ⏐⏐⏐ SERIES-PARALLEL ac NE
- Page 719 and 720:
718 ⏐⏐⏐ SERIES-PARALLEL ac NE
- Page 721 and 722:
720 ⏐⏐⏐ SERIES-PARALLEL ac NE
- Page 723 and 724:
722 ⏐⏐⏐ SERIES-PARALLEL ac NE
- Page 725 and 726:
724 ⏐⏐⏐ SERIES-PARALLEL ac NE
- Page 727 and 728:
726 ⏐⏐⏐ SERIES-PARALLEL ac NE
- Page 729 and 730:
728 ⏐⏐⏐ SERIES-PARALLEL ac NE
- Page 731 and 732:
730 ⏐⏐⏐ SERIES-PARALLEL ac NE
- Page 733 and 734:
732 ⏐⏐⏐ SERIES-PARALLEL ac NE
- Page 735 and 736:
734 ⏐⏐⏐ SERIES-PARALLEL ac NE
- Page 737 and 738:
736 ⏐⏐⏐ SERIES-PARALLEL ac NE
- Page 739 and 740:
738 ⏐⏐⏐ SERIES-PARALLEL ac NE
- Page 741 and 742:
740 ⏐⏐⏐ SERIES-PARALLEL ac NE
- Page 743 and 744:
742 ⏐⏐⏐ SERIES-PARALLEL ac NE
- Page 745 and 746:
744 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS A
- Page 747 and 748:
746 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS A
- Page 749 and 750:
748 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS A
- Page 751 and 752:
750 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS A
- Page 753 and 754:
752 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS A
- Page 755 and 756:
754 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS A
- Page 757 and 758:
756 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS A
- Page 759 and 760:
758 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS A
- Page 761 and 762:
760 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS A
- Page 763 and 764:
762 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS A
- Page 765 and 766:
764 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS A
- Page 767 and 768:
766 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS A
- Page 769 and 770:
768 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS A
- Page 771 and 772:
770 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS A
- Page 773 and 774:
772 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS A
- Page 775 and 776:
774 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS A
- Page 777 and 778:
776 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS A
- Page 779 and 780:
778 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS A
- Page 781 and 782:
780 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS A
- Page 783 and 784:
782 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS A
- Page 785 and 786:
784 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS A
- Page 787 and 788:
786 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS A
- Page 789 and 790:
788 ⏐⏐⏐ METHODS OF ANALYSIS A
- Page 792 and 793:
18 Network Theorems (ac) 18.1 INTRO
- Page 794 and 795:
Th Z 1 E 1- + Z 1 I s1 j 4 � Z1
- Page 796 and 797:
Th EXAMPLE 18.4 For the network of
- Page 798 and 799:
Th pendent sources. The solution ob
- Page 800 and 801:
Th is the replacement of the term r
- Page 802 and 803:
Th Z1 � R1 � j XL1 � 6 ��
- Page 804 and 805:
Th will behave like the actual tran
- Page 806 and 807:
Th obtained by applying a source of
- Page 808 and 809:
Th Method 3: See Fig. 18.49. Eg Ig
- Page 810 and 811:
Th or Eoc�1 � � � k1k2R2
- Page 812 and 813:
Th Independent Sources The procedur
- Page 814 and 815:
Th Solution: Steps 1 and 2 (Fig. 18
- Page 816 and 817:
Th The Norton equivalent circuit ap
- Page 818 and 819:
Th so Eg(1 � h) � Ig[R1 � (1
- Page 820 and 821:
Th + E = 9 V ∠ 0° - Z1Z 2 (10
- Page 822 and 823:
Th (8.54 V) 72.93 and Pmax � �
- Page 824 and 825:
Th ��� ��� ����
- Page 826 and 827:
Th For 100 W, Is � � Np �Ip
- Page 828 and 829:
Th Redrawing the network as shown i
- Page 830 and 831:
Th 0.5 -0.5 v s (volts) 0 T /2 T -T
- Page 832 and 833:
Th culation of �32.74° of Exampl
- Page 834 and 835:
Th FIG. 18.101 Using PSpice to dete
- Page 836 and 837:
Th FIG. 18.104 The output file for
- Page 838 and 839:
Th FIG. 18.107 Using PSpice to dete
- Page 840 and 841:
Th *5. Using superposition, find th
- Page 842 and 843:
Th PROBLEMS ⏐⏐⏐ 841 11. Find
- Page 844 and 845:
Th PROBLEMS ⏐⏐⏐ 843 20. Find
- Page 846 and 847:
Th PROBLEMS ⏐⏐⏐ 845 *40. Find
- Page 848 and 849:
Th GLOSSARY ⏐⏐⏐ 847 49. Using
- Page 850 and 851:
19 Power (ac) 19.1 INTRODUCTION The
- Page 852 and 853:
P q s Power delivered to element by
- Page 854 and 855:
P q s The reason for rating some el
- Page 856 and 857:
P q s If the average power is zero,
- Page 858 and 859:
P q s 2 V and QC � �� (VAR) (
- Page 860 and 861:
P q s j I 2 X L = Q L I 2 X C = Q C
- Page 862 and 863:
P q s Thus, PT 600 W Fp ���
- Page 864 and 865:
P q s Motor: h � Pi � � �45
- Page 866 and 867:
P q s + E = E ∠0° - I L Solving
- Page 868 and 869:
P q s The equivalent parallel load
- Page 870 and 871:
P q s As the name implies, power-fa
- Page 872 and 873:
P q s duced, the eddy current loss
- Page 874 and 875:
P q s The vast majority of generato
- Page 876 and 877: P q s 349.2 kW � 240 kW � 109.2
- Page 878 and 879: P q s Peak icon to the right of the
- Page 880 and 881: P q s small region below the axis i
- Page 882 and 883: P q s 6. For the circuit of Fig. 19
- Page 884 and 885: P q s *14. For the circuit of Fig.
- Page 886: P q s SECTION 19.10 Effective Resis
- Page 889 and 890: 888 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE E s + - Sou
- Page 891 and 892: 890 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE Q L = I 2 X
- Page 893 and 894: 892 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE R R( f ) 0
- Page 895 and 896: 894 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE f < f s: ne
- Page 897 and 898: 896 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE Solving the
- Page 899 and 900: 898 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE As Q s of t
- Page 901 and 902: 900 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE b. Since Qs
- Page 903 and 904: 902 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE I Z T Y T R
- Page 905 and 906: 904 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE R l Z Tm Z
- Page 907 and 908: 906 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE Setting the
- Page 909 and 910: 908 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE Inductive R
- Page 911 and 912: 910 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE For an idea
- Page 913 and 914: 912 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE TABLE 20.1
- Page 915 and 916: 914 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE Example 20.
- Page 917 and 918: 916 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE I e. Ql ≥
- Page 919 and 920: 918 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE Therefore,
- Page 921 and 922: 920 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE Volume Full
- Page 923 and 924: 922 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE bandwidth
- Page 925: 924 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE FIG. 20.43
- Page 929 and 930: 928 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE FIG. 20.48
- Page 931 and 932: 930 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE I 2 mA IL I
- Page 933 and 934: 932 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE ZT I = 5 mA
- Page 935 and 936: 934 ⏐⏐⏐ RESONANCE Z Tp GLOSSA
- Page 937 and 938: 936 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS + e p -
- Page 939 and 940: 938 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS L p = 20
- Page 941 and 942: 940 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS revealin
- Page 943 and 944: 942 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS Since th
- Page 945 and 946: 944 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS Solution
- Page 947 and 948: 946 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS Public a
- Page 949 and 950: 948 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS + v x -
- Page 951 and 952: 950 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS + V g -
- Page 953 and 954: 952 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS + V g -
- Page 955 and 956: 954 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS (a) (b)
- Page 957 and 958: 956 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS polariti
- Page 959 and 960: 958 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS Iron cor
- Page 961 and 962: 960 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS Primary
- Page 963 and 964: 962 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS Z i + E
- Page 965 and 966: 964 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS Source +
- Page 967 and 968: 966 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS ��
- Page 969 and 970: 968 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS insertio
- Page 971 and 972: 970 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS FIG. 21.
- Page 973 and 974: 972 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS + Vg = 2
- Page 975 and 976: 974 ⏐⏐⏐ TRANSFORMERS q = 1000
- Page 978 and 979:
22 Polyphase Systems 22.1 INTRODUCT
- Page 980 and 981:
0.866 E m(CN) 0.866 E m(BN) This is
- Page 982 and 983:
E BC The length x is C B + - E CN E
- Page 984 and 985:
B C E BC E CA (a) ⎪ ⎬ ⎪ ⎭ E
- Page 986 and 987:
. EL � �3�Ef � (1.73)(120 V
- Page 988 and 989:
E CA = 150 V ∠ v 3 b. Vf � EL.T
- Page 990 and 991:
I Bb I AC 30° 120° It can be show
- Page 992 and 993:
The phase voltages are Van � IanZ
- Page 994 and 995:
Power Factor The power factor of th
- Page 996 and 997:
Power Factor S T � 3S f � �3
- Page 998 and 999:
A + EAN - or EAN � IfZline � Vf
- Page 1000 and 1001:
methods of determining whether the
- Page 1002 and 1003:
IBb � Ibc � Iab � 8.32 A �
- Page 1004 and 1005:
or multiphase, result in a total lo
- Page 1006 and 1007:
40,000 V �120° � 33,200 V �
- Page 1008 and 1009:
7. For the system of Fig. 22.39, fi
- Page 1010 and 1011:
C 14. Repeat Problem 13 if the phas
- Page 1012 and 1013:
3-phase ∆-connected generator Pha
- Page 1014 and 1015:
*43. The Y-Y system of Fig. 22.48 h
- Page 1016:
GLOSSARY �-connected ac generator
- Page 1019 and 1020:
1018 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1021 and 1022:
1020 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1023 and 1024:
1022 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1025 and 1026:
1024 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1027 and 1028:
1026 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1029 and 1030:
1028 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1031 and 1032:
1030 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1033 and 1034:
1032 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1035 and 1036:
1034 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1037 and 1038:
1036 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1039 and 1040:
1038 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1041 and 1042:
1040 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1043 and 1044:
1042 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1045 and 1046:
1044 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1047 and 1048:
1046 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1049 and 1050:
1048 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1051 and 1052:
1050 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1053 and 1054:
1052 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1055 and 1056:
1054 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1057 and 1058:
1056 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1059 and 1060:
1058 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1061 and 1062:
1060 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1063 and 1064:
1062 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1065 and 1066:
1064 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1067 and 1068:
1066 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1069 and 1070:
1068 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1071 and 1072:
1070 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1073 and 1074:
1072 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1075 and 1076:
1074 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1077 and 1078:
1076 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1079 and 1080:
1078 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1081 and 1082:
1080 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1083 and 1084:
1082 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1085 and 1086:
1084 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1087 and 1088:
1086 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1089 and 1090:
1088 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1091 and 1092:
1090 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1093 and 1094:
1092 ⏐⏐⏐ DECIBELS, FILTERS, A
- Page 1095 and 1096:
1094 ⏐⏐⏐ PULSE WAVEFORMS AND
- Page 1097 and 1098:
1096 ⏐⏐⏐ PULSE WAVEFORMS AND
- Page 1099 and 1100:
1098 ⏐⏐⏐ PULSE WAVEFORMS AND
- Page 1101 and 1102:
1100 ⏐⏐⏐ PULSE WAVEFORMS AND
- Page 1103 and 1104:
1102 ⏐⏐⏐ PULSE WAVEFORMS AND
- Page 1105 and 1106:
1104 ⏐⏐⏐ PULSE WAVEFORMS AND
- Page 1107 and 1108:
1106 ⏐⏐⏐ PULSE WAVEFORMS AND
- Page 1109 and 1110:
1108 ⏐⏐⏐ PULSE WAVEFORMS AND
- Page 1111 and 1112:
1110 ⏐⏐⏐ PULSE WAVEFORMS AND
- Page 1113 and 1114:
1112 ⏐⏐⏐ PULSE WAVEFORMS AND
- Page 1115 and 1116:
1114 ⏐⏐⏐ PULSE WAVEFORMS AND
- Page 1117 and 1118:
1116 ⏐⏐⏐ PULSE WAVEFORMS AND
- Page 1119 and 1120:
1118 ⏐⏐⏐ PULSE WAVEFORMS AND
- Page 1121 and 1122:
1120 ⏐⏐⏐ PULSE WAVEFORMS AND
- Page 1124 and 1125:
25 Nonsinusoidal Circuits 25.1 INTR
- Page 1126 and 1127:
NON Average Value: A 0 The dc term
- Page 1128 and 1129:
NON f(t) � �f � t � � T 2
- Page 1130 and 1131:
NON EXAMPLE 25.1 Determine which co
- Page 1132 and 1133:
NON 1 sin qt i t 1 (i = 0) FIG. 25.
- Page 1134 and 1135:
NON Vm 0 v 1 (a) and v � Vm�1
- Page 1136 and 1137:
NON v(a) � V 0 � V m1 sin a �
- Page 1138 and 1139:
NON EXAMPLE 25.7 The input to the c
- Page 1140 and 1141:
NON ZT1 � 6 ��j 37.7 ��38
- Page 1142 and 1143:
NON FIG. 25.28 Using PSpice to appl
- Page 1144 and 1145:
NON you can change the range to 0 H
- Page 1146 and 1147:
NON 9. Find the total average power
- Page 1148:
NON 24. Given any nonsinusoidal fun
- Page 1151 and 1152:
1150 ⏐⏐⏐ SYSTEM ANALYSIS: AN
- Page 1153 and 1154:
1152 ⏐⏐⏐ SYSTEM ANALYSIS: AN
- Page 1155 and 1156:
1154 ⏐⏐⏐ SYSTEM ANALYSIS: AN
- Page 1157 and 1158:
1156 ⏐⏐⏐ SYSTEM ANALYSIS: AN
- Page 1159 and 1160:
1158 ⏐⏐⏐ SYSTEM ANALYSIS: AN
- Page 1161 and 1162:
1160 ⏐⏐⏐ SYSTEM ANALYSIS: AN
- Page 1163 and 1164:
1162 ⏐⏐⏐ SYSTEM ANALYSIS: AN
- Page 1165 and 1166:
1164 ⏐⏐⏐ SYSTEM ANALYSIS: AN
- Page 1167 and 1168:
1166 ⏐⏐⏐ SYSTEM ANALYSIS: AN
- Page 1169 and 1170:
1168 ⏐⏐⏐ SYSTEM ANALYSIS: AN
- Page 1171 and 1172:
1170 ⏐⏐⏐ SYSTEM ANALYSIS: AN
- Page 1173 and 1174:
1172 ⏐⏐⏐ SYSTEM ANALYSIS: AN
- Page 1175 and 1176:
1174 ⏐⏐⏐ SYSTEM ANALYSIS: AN
- Page 1177 and 1178:
1176 ⏐⏐⏐ SYSTEM ANALYSIS: AN
- Page 1179 and 1180:
1178 ⏐⏐⏐ SYSTEM ANALYSIS: AN
- Page 1181 and 1182:
1180 ⏐⏐⏐ SYSTEM ANALYSIS: AN
- Page 1183 and 1184:
1182 ⏐⏐⏐ SYSTEM ANALYSIS: AN
- Page 1185 and 1186:
1184 ⏐⏐⏐ SYSTEM ANALYSIS: AN
- Page 1187 and 1188:
1186 ⏐⏐⏐ SYSTEM ANALYSIS: AN
- Page 1189 and 1190:
1188 ⏐⏐⏐ SYSTEM ANALYSIS: AN
- Page 1191 and 1192:
1190 ⏐⏐⏐ SYSTEM ANALYSIS: AN
- Page 1193 and 1194:
1192 Appendixes APPENDIX A PSpice,
- Page 1195 and 1196:
1194 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES A.3 Mathc
- Page 1197 and 1198:
1196 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES To Conver
- Page 1199 and 1200:
1198 Appendix C DETERMINANTS Determ
- Page 1201 and 1202:
1200 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES 2 3 �3
- Page 1203 and 1204:
1202 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES x � War
- Page 1205 and 1206:
1204 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES D Note th
- Page 1207 and 1208:
1206 Appendix D COLOR CODING OF MOL
- Page 1209 and 1210:
1208 Appendix F MAGNETIC PARAMETER
- Page 1211 and 1212:
1210 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES and the p
- Page 1213 and 1214:
1212 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES 3. (a) 16
- Page 1215 and 1216:
1214 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES (b) 50(1
- Page 1217 and 1218:
1216 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES (f) 300 W
- Page 1219 and 1220:
1218 ⏐⏐⏐ APPENDIXES 9. (a) E
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