Edwin Jan Klein - Universiteit Twente

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Chapter 7 more channels (i.e. bandwidth) to work office locations during the day, while at night more are allocated to domestic areas. In its most fundamental form the router is no more than an optical add-drop multiplexer which can drop (or add) a single channel per port. Even with such a simple router, however, a complex network as shown in Figure 7.4 becomes possible. In this network a traditional PON network is used side by side with a WDM-PON network. Customers 2 through 4 are all connected to the PON network where data on λ3 is sent downstream and data is returned on λ4. Customers 1, 5 and 6 on the other hand all use a colorless transceiver and therefore have 2 wavelengths sent downstream. For customers 1 and 5 the router is using multicasting to send the same wavelengths to both users that do not require a lot of bandwidth. For customer 6 the network can be regarded as being no different than a point to point network with all its benefits. Head Office OLT 1 λ1, λ2 λ2 λ1, λ3, λ5 λ2 ,λ4 ,λ6 λ3 λ4 Figure 7.4. A possible complex network topology that is made possible when a (reconfigurable) OADM is used. λ6 In Section 7.2 the design and characterization of a reconfigurable 1x4 OADM are discussed. This OADM has the required functionality to operate as a simple router. The design and characterization of a more complex 1x4x4 router, capable of sending up to four channels to a single customer, are discussed in Section 7.3. 162 λ3 λ4 λ4 λ5, λ6 λ3 λ1, λ2 6 λ2 2 λ3 λ4 4 5 3 Traditional PON
Densely integrated devices for WDM-PON 7.2. A reconfigurable Add-Drop Multiplexer based on microring resonators An OADM can be implemented using for instance arrayed waveguide gratings or Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZI). However, OADMs based on AWGs are generally large devices since AWGs can only split one channel into multiple channels or vice versa. An OADM based on AWGs would therefore require additional components like optical switches. Likewise, a considerable number of MZIs would be required to drop even a few channels [144]. An OADM based on microring resonators [145] with radii in the order of tens of µm, however, allows for extremely small–area devices. Due to the highly selective MR filter characteristic a minimum component implementation of a 4-channel OADM can already be realized with four microring resonators while additional switching functionality is easily implemented. 7.2.1 Design and fabrication The OADM was designed as shown in Fig. 7.5 It consists of a central bus waveguide (with the ports IIn and IOut) and four add-drop port waveguides that intersect the bus waveguide at right angles with a single MR placed at each intersection. In addition to the waveguides that are shown, an alignment waveguide, as discussed in Chapter 3.7.1, was also included to aid in the alignment of fiber arrays. The cross-grid (Manhattan) [139] arrangement of the bus and add-drop waveguides allows for a very efficient and simple design, requiring only two bends in the central bus waveguide. All other waveguides can be implemented using straights. Figure 7.5. Schematic layout of a 4-channel OADM. 163 Figure 7.6. Close-up of a realized OADM. The waveguides and the omega shaped heaters on top of the four resonators can be discerned. A downside to the cross-grid approach, however, is that minor losses and reflections occur at the intersections between the bus and add-drop waveguides. In addition some crosstalk between the signals propagating in these waveguides may occur. This can be
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DENSELY INTEGRATED MICRORING- RESON
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DENSELY INTEGRATED MICRORING- RESON
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To my parents…
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esonators is limited by the spacing
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iv Samenvatting Dit proefschrift be
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schakelaar “aan” is, dan is de
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3.6.2 Overlap loss reduction.......
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Chapter 1 Introduction The devices
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1.2 Broadband to the home 3 Introdu
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1.3 Bringing Fiber to the Home 5 In
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Figure 1.5. The technological scope
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9 Introduction these basic paramete
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Chapter 2 2.1 Introduction Integrat
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Chapter 2 light Icav2 in the cavity
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Chapter 2 ∆ = ⎛ β r − β g
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Chapter 2 2.3.3 Combined model The
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Chapter 2 FC 4µ 1µ 2 ⋅ χr = 2
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Chapter 2 P Through /P In (dB) 0 -1
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Chapter 2 The figure shows that it
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Chapter 2 In − jϕr1 2 Figure 2.1
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Chapter 2 differences between the f
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Chapter 2 M = ⋅ FSR = N ⋅ FSR F
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Chapter 2 the heat will therefore f
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Chapter 2 index. Although this can
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Chapter 2 resonators for instance h
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Chapter 2 a rather complex MEMS bas
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Chapter 3 3.1 Introduction The most
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Chapter 3 3.2.1 Drop port on-resona
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Chapter 3 3.2.3 Filter bandwidth In
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Chapter 3 (resulting in a higher ba
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.11. Residual cha
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Chapter 3 3.3 Geometrical design ch
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Chapter 3 resonator and the port wa
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Chapter 3 Another important fact wh
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Chapter 3 The flowchart of the desi
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Chapter 3 While the resonator in th
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Chapter 3 3.6.1 Port waveguide and
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Chapter 3 overlap losses are only 0
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Chapter 3 3.7 Component design cons
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Chapter 3 By maximizing the power t
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Chapter 3 important, due to the fac
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Chapter 4 4.1 Introduction As was s
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Chapter 4 4.2.1 Transient response
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Chapter 4 Under the condition that
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.4. Screenshot of
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Chapter 4 The equations required to
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Chapter 4 using an approach based o
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Chapter 4 4.5.1 Architecture The Au
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Chapter 4 4.5.2 Simulation method A
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.9. A Primitive w
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Chapter 4 Listing 4.3. Pseudo code
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Chapter 4 Listing 4.4. Pseudo code
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Chapter 4 simulated output spectra
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.21. The reflecto
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Chapter 4 P Drop /P In (dB) 0 -10 -
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.27a. OADM with r
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Chapter 4 will propagate through th
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Chapter 4 As demonstrated by these
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Chapter 4 What is more interesting
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Chapter 4 method it does allow time
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Chapter 4 complex than the interact
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Chapter 5 5.1 Introduction The mate
Page 128 and 129: Chapter 5 wafer is used (step 1). T
Page 130 and 131: Chapter 5 range of 0.9 to 1.1 µm.
Page 132 and 133: Chapter 5 The process flow with the
Page 134 and 135: Chapter 5 5.3.3 Mask layout The big
Page 136 and 137: Chapter 5 5.4. Fabrication and mask
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Page 140 and 141: Chapter 5 5.4.2 Fabrication The fab
Page 142 and 143: Chapter 5 Figure 5.21. Process flow
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Page 146 and 147: Chapter 6 6.1 Introduction About ha
Page 148 and 149: Chapter 6 In early, comparatively s
Page 150 and 151: Chapter 6 that the TEOS has a very
Page 152 and 153: Chapter 6 The most important aspect
Page 154 and 155: Chapter 6 6.2.3 Chromium heater des
Page 156 and 157: Chapter 6 Therefore, even if the si
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Page 160 and 161: Chapter 6 6.3 Characterization of s
Page 162 and 163: Chapter 6 polarization maintaining
Page 164 and 165: Chapter 6 the resonators in this gr
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Page 168 and 169: Chapter 6 a cladding thickness of 3
Page 170 and 171: Chapter 6 6.4 A wavelength selectiv
Page 172 and 173: Chapter 6 A possible explanation fo
Page 175 and 176: Chapter 7 Densely integrated device
Page 177: Densely integrated devices for WDM-
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Page 183 and 184: 7.2.2 Spectral measurements Densely
Page 189 and 190: Power Densely integrated devices fo
Page 191 and 192: 7.3.4 Characterization Densely inte
Page 195 and 196: Figure 7.31a. Eye pattern of the re
Page 197: Densely integrated devices for WDM-
Page 200 and 201: Chapter 8 8.1 Introduction In most
Page 202 and 203: Chapter 8 amount of power will be d
Page 204 and 205: Chapter 8 Another problem that may
Page 206 and 207: Chapter 8 halves that are each comp
Page 209 and 210: Chapter 9 Discussion and Conclusion
Page 211 and 212: Appendix A. Mason’s rule Several
Page 213 and 214: Appendix B. Crosstalk Derivation Th
Page 215 and 216: List of Acronyms ADSL - Asymmetric
Page 217 and 218: List of Symbols Q - Quality Factor
Page 219 and 220: Bibliography [1] Dan Schiller, “E
Page 221 and 222: Regions,” IEEE Photonics Technolo
Page 223 and 224: [66] B. E. Little, S. T. Chu, J. V.
Page 225 and 226: [97] H. Haeiwa, T. Naganawa and Y.
Page 227 and 228: [135] A. Driessen, D. H. Geuzebroek
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[165] T. Barwicz, M. R. Watts, M. A
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Publication List Patents (pending)
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R. Dekker, L.T.H.Hilderink, M.B.J.
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Networks (BB Photonics),” Interna
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Dankwoord/Acknowledgements Zo, dit
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Edwin Jan Klein - Universiteit Twente

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