Edwin Jan Klein - Universiteit Twente

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Chapter 7 a) b) Figure 7.19. A 1x4x4 router a) can be implemented using five 4-channel OADMs b). Because this resonator has a FSR of ≈4 nm the channel spacing scheme would have limited the number of channels within the FSR of a single resonator to at most 3 channels (i.e. two up and one downstream channel). The maximum number of channels that can be uniquely addressed using this scheme is therefore limited to three. A possible solution to this problem is to increase the FSR of the microresonators but, due to technological constraints, this is only possible through the use of Vernier-like schemes that utilize multiple micro-resonators and is therefore not very efficient. An alternate solution however is found by realizing that the channels are always used in pairs. For instance, if a user requires more bandwidth then two additional channels are routed to the user: one upstream and one downstream. It is therefore possible to use one ring resonator to switch the up- and downstream channels simultaneously providing that the distance between them is equal to the FSR of the micro-resonator. A new channel configuration that uses the FSR in such a fashion was therefore proposed [154]. This new channel configuration, shown in Figure 7.21 has 8 up and downstream channels placed in pairs at a distance of 500 GHZ (utilizing the 4 nm FSR of the MR). The spacing between the individual channels is 50 GHZ, leaving 150 GHz for a guard band between up/downstream. The added bonus of the new configuration is that the number of required ring resonators in the router is effectively halved compared to the original channel configuration because each resonator is now used to drop two channels instead of one. Under the new scheme the 1x4x4 router shown in Figure 7.19 therefore effectively operates as a 1x8x4 router and is therefore referred to as such in the rest of this discussion. Power Upstream Downstream 1 1 2 2 9 9 10 10 Channel # Figure 7.20. Original channel configuration with alternating up and downstream channels spaced at 200 GHz. 172
Power Densely integrated devices for WDM-PON Figure 7.21. New channel configuration with 8 alternating up and downstream channels which have a 50 GHz channel spacing. The schematic layout and the mask design of the 1x4x4 (1x8x4) router are shown in Figure 7.22. The router consists of a 4x4 microring-resonator router matrix and a 4 microring-resonator demultiplexer. For the individual resonators in the design the basic building block described in Chapter 6 was used with a resonator waveguide thickness of 180 nm. Because the router essentially consists of a large number of wavelength selective switches the individual resonators in the matrix can be designed using the same design rules as described in Chapter 6.4.1. Therefore, in order to achieve a bandwidth of ≈50 GHz, the target for the coupling coefficients in the design was ≈0.6. Bond pads In Upstream 500 GHz 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Test waveguides Router matrix 5 mm Figure 7.22. Schematic layout of the 1x8x4 router (top) and the equivalent mask design (bottom). As indicated in the mask design the router matrix is situated in the center of a chip that measures only 5 x 2 mm. The vertical distance between the resonators in the 173 Guard band Channel # Downstream 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 mm Out1 Out2 Out3 Out4 Express through Tapers
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DENSELY INTEGRATED MICRORING- RESON
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DENSELY INTEGRATED MICRORING- RESON
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To my parents…
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esonators is limited by the spacing
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iv Samenvatting Dit proefschrift be
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schakelaar “aan” is, dan is de
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3.6.2 Overlap loss reduction.......
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Chapter 1 Introduction The devices
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1.2 Broadband to the home 3 Introdu
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1.3 Bringing Fiber to the Home 5 In
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Figure 1.5. The technological scope
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9 Introduction these basic paramete
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Chapter 2 2.1 Introduction Integrat
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Chapter 2 light Icav2 in the cavity
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Chapter 2 ∆ = ⎛ β r − β g
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Chapter 2 2.3.3 Combined model The
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Chapter 2 FC 4µ 1µ 2 ⋅ χr = 2
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Chapter 2 P Through /P In (dB) 0 -1
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Chapter 2 The figure shows that it
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Chapter 2 In − jϕr1 2 Figure 2.1
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Chapter 2 differences between the f
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Chapter 2 M = ⋅ FSR = N ⋅ FSR F
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Chapter 2 the heat will therefore f
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Chapter 2 index. Although this can
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Chapter 2 resonators for instance h
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Chapter 2 a rather complex MEMS bas
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Chapter 3 3.1 Introduction The most
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Chapter 3 3.2.1 Drop port on-resona
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Chapter 3 3.2.3 Filter bandwidth In
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Chapter 3 (resulting in a higher ba
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Chapter 3 Figure 3.11. Residual cha
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Chapter 3 3.3 Geometrical design ch
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Chapter 3 resonator and the port wa
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Chapter 3 Another important fact wh
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Chapter 3 The flowchart of the desi
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Chapter 3 While the resonator in th
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Chapter 3 3.6.1 Port waveguide and
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Chapter 3 overlap losses are only 0
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Chapter 3 3.7 Component design cons
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Chapter 3 By maximizing the power t
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Chapter 3 important, due to the fac
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Chapter 4 4.1 Introduction As was s
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Chapter 4 4.2.1 Transient response
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Chapter 4 Under the condition that
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.4. Screenshot of
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Chapter 4 The equations required to
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Chapter 4 using an approach based o
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Chapter 4 4.5.1 Architecture The Au
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Chapter 4 4.5.2 Simulation method A
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.9. A Primitive w
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Chapter 4 Listing 4.3. Pseudo code
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Chapter 4 Listing 4.4. Pseudo code
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Chapter 4 simulated output spectra
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.21. The reflecto
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Chapter 4 P Drop /P In (dB) 0 -10 -
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.27a. OADM with r
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Chapter 4 will propagate through th
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Chapter 4 As demonstrated by these
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Chapter 4 What is more interesting
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Chapter 4 method it does allow time
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Chapter 4 complex than the interact
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Chapter 5 5.1 Introduction The mate
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Chapter 5 wafer is used (step 1). T
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Chapter 5 range of 0.9 to 1.1 µm.
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Chapter 5 The process flow with the
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Chapter 5 5.3.3 Mask layout The big
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Chapter 5 5.4. Fabrication and mask
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Page 158 and 159: Chapter 6 Next, the heater was heat
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Page 162 and 163: Chapter 6 polarization maintaining
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Page 170 and 171: Chapter 6 6.4 A wavelength selectiv
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Page 175 and 176: Chapter 7 Densely integrated device
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Page 183 and 184: 7.2.2 Spectral measurements Densely
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Page 191 and 192: 7.3.4 Characterization Densely inte
Page 195 and 196: Figure 7.31a. Eye pattern of the re
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Page 200 and 201: Chapter 8 8.1 Introduction In most
Page 202 and 203: Chapter 8 amount of power will be d
Page 204 and 205: Chapter 8 Another problem that may
Page 206 and 207: Chapter 8 halves that are each comp
Page 209 and 210: Chapter 9 Discussion and Conclusion
Page 211 and 212: Appendix A. Mason’s rule Several
Page 213 and 214: Appendix B. Crosstalk Derivation Th
Page 215 and 216: List of Acronyms ADSL - Asymmetric
Page 217 and 218: List of Symbols Q - Quality Factor
Page 219 and 220: Bibliography [1] Dan Schiller, “E
Page 221 and 222: Regions,” IEEE Photonics Technolo
Page 223 and 224: [66] B. E. Little, S. T. Chu, J. V.
Page 225 and 226: [97] H. Haeiwa, T. Naganawa and Y.
Page 227 and 228: [135] A. Driessen, D. H. Geuzebroek
Page 229 and 230: [165] T. Barwicz, M. R. Watts, M. A
Page 231 and 232: Publication List Patents (pending)
Page 233 and 234: R. Dekker, L.T.H.Hilderink, M.B.J.
Page 235 and 236: Networks (BB Photonics),” Interna
Page 237 and 238: Dankwoord/Acknowledgements Zo, dit
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Edwin Jan Klein - Universiteit Twente

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