Edwin Jan Klein - Universiteit Twente

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Chapter 1 Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) that have already focused on optical fiber for over 20 years. Data rate (Mbps) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Loop length (km) As a result the country already has a Fiber-to-the-Curb (FTTC) infrastructure which helps to reduce the cost of FTTH deployment. In addition aerial fiber is allowed which speeds up deployment and reduces cost. Interestingly, xDSL can also be seen as a driving force behind FTTH rather than a major competitor. Currently subscriber demand for triple play services, which combine internet, telephony and high definition television (HDTV), is on the rise. In addition a bandwidth race is developing due to increased competition between operators with broadband sold on a speed/price formula. Here dropping prices and clever marketing will lead subscribers to want bandwidth far beyond what they actually require. Network operators have to respond to this with ever faster xDSL offerings. In this respect Japan offers a glimpse of the future. Japanese fiber networks are often of the Fiber-to-the-Building (FTTB) type where fiber can terminate optically for individual homes. They can, however, also be completed by a Very high bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) network in an apartment building. For short distances less than 300m the VDSL and the faster VDSL2 (up to 100 Mbps) solutions can deliver fast broadband using conventional copper lines. By combining FTTC or FTTB with VDSL network operators can therefore provide more economic high bandwidth connections since not every subscriber requires a costly direct fiber connection [9]. Since VDSL is not fundamentally different from the current ADSL implementations - all use the same Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) line-coding method - it shows a migratory path to be taken by network operators in Europe. These can slowly and economically upgrade current ADSL and ADSL2 networks to VDSL supported by fiber, all driven by consumer demand. The demand for faster DSL thus brings the fiber networks that support the DSL ever closer to the subscriber until finally fully fledged FTTH networks are created. 4 ADSL2+ ADSL2 ADSL VDSL Figure 1.3. DSL Loop length versus data rate.
1.3 Bringing Fiber to the Home 5 Introduction The last link between the subscriber and the first point of connection to a network infrastructure is the so-called Access Network (AN). The previously mentioned xDSL and FTTH as well as other technologies such as Cable and Wireless (WIFI) are possible implementations of this network. Within the access network FTTH may be implemented in several topologies. The two main competing topologies are Ethernet Point to Point (P2P) and the Passive Optical Network (PON) in the form of Ethernet PON (EPON) or the newer Gigabit PON (GPON). 1.3.1 Passive optical networks Passive optical networks were first introduced in the 1980’s. Since prices for fiber optic cable and optical transceivers were very high at the time a topology was devised that could share these resources. To this end PON networks use a Point to Multi-Point (P2MP) topology as shown in Figure 1.4a. Figure 1.4a. Passive optical network. Figure 1.4b. Ethernet based Point to point network. In this topology an Optical Line Terminal (OLT) at the head office is connected to a single strand of fiber that goes out to a passive optical splitter near the customers’ premises. Here the signal is typically divided into 32 different lines using a passive splitter. Each of these lines is connected to an Optical Network Unit (ONU) on a customers’ premise. Downstream data is therefore transmitted to all users with each ONU having to determine which packets are for that customer. The PON uses one wavelength for downstream traffic and another for upstream traffic. The latest specifications call for downstream traffic from the OLT to the ONU to be transmitted at a wavelength 1490 nm while upstream traffic is transmitted from the ONU at 1310 nm [10]. 1.3.2 Ethernet Point to Point networks In an Ethernet point to point network each customers’ ONU has a direct fiber connection to a central router at the Head Office (HO) or an aggregation router in the street cabinet, as shown in Figure 1.4b. Like the PON the point to point network uses one wavelength for downstream traffic and another for upstream traffic. In the past the cost of optical fiber and transceivers, as well as the maintenance cost of the active components in the field, has been prohibitive in the deployment of P2P networks.
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Chapter 3 Another important fact wh
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Chapter 3 The flowchart of the desi
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Chapter 3 While the resonator in th
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Chapter 3 3.6.1 Port waveguide and
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Chapter 3 overlap losses are only 0
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Chapter 3 3.7 Component design cons
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Chapter 3 By maximizing the power t
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Chapter 3 important, due to the fac
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Chapter 4 4.1 Introduction As was s
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Chapter 4 4.2.1 Transient response
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Chapter 4 Under the condition that
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.4. Screenshot of
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Chapter 4 The equations required to
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Chapter 4 using an approach based o
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Chapter 4 4.5.1 Architecture The Au
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Chapter 4 4.5.2 Simulation method A
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.9. A Primitive w
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Chapter 4 Listing 4.3. Pseudo code
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Chapter 4 Listing 4.4. Pseudo code
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Chapter 4 simulated output spectra
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.21. The reflecto
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Chapter 4 P Drop /P In (dB) 0 -10 -
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Chapter 4 Figure 4.27a. OADM with r
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Chapter 4 will propagate through th
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Chapter 4 As demonstrated by these
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Chapter 4 What is more interesting
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Chapter 4 method it does allow time
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Chapter 4 complex than the interact
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Chapter 5 5.1 Introduction The mate
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Chapter 5 wafer is used (step 1). T
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Chapter 5 range of 0.9 to 1.1 µm.
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Chapter 5 The process flow with the
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Chapter 5 5.3.3 Mask layout The big
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Chapter 5 5.4. Fabrication and mask
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Chapter 5 1. Definition of the vert
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Chapter 5 5.4.2 Fabrication The fab
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Chapter 5 Figure 5.21. Process flow
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Chapter 5 removed using lift-off of
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Chapter 6 6.1 Introduction About ha
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Chapter 6 In early, comparatively s
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Chapter 6 that the TEOS has a very
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Chapter 6 The most important aspect
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Chapter 6 6.2.3 Chromium heater des
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Chapter 6 Therefore, even if the si
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Chapter 6 Next, the heater was heat
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Chapter 6 6.3 Characterization of s
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Chapter 6 polarization maintaining
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Chapter 6 the resonators in this gr
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Chapter 6 Although the fitted coupl
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Chapter 6 a cladding thickness of 3
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Chapter 6 6.4 A wavelength selectiv
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Chapter 6 A possible explanation fo
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Chapter 7 Densely integrated device
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Densely integrated devices for WDM-
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7.2.2 Spectral measurements Densely
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Power Densely integrated devices fo
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7.3.4 Characterization Densely inte
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Figure 7.31a. Eye pattern of the re
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Chapter 8 8.1 Introduction In most
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Chapter 8 amount of power will be d
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Chapter 8 Another problem that may
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Chapter 8 halves that are each comp
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Chapter 9 Discussion and Conclusion
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Appendix A. Mason’s rule Several
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Appendix B. Crosstalk Derivation Th
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List of Acronyms ADSL - Asymmetric
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List of Symbols Q - Quality Factor
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Bibliography [1] Dan Schiller, “E
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Regions,” IEEE Photonics Technolo
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[66] B. E. Little, S. T. Chu, J. V.
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[97] H. Haeiwa, T. Naganawa and Y.
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[135] A. Driessen, D. H. Geuzebroek
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[165] T. Barwicz, M. R. Watts, M. A
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Publication List Patents (pending)
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R. Dekker, L.T.H.Hilderink, M.B.J.
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Networks (BB Photonics),” Interna
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Dankwoord/Acknowledgements Zo, dit
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Edwin Jan Klein - Universiteit Twente

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