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Nepal Hazard Risk Assessment 2.4 MODEL FOR CONVERTING PGA TO MMI Conversion of PGA to MMI is started by using table result from PSHA analysis as main input. This grid file is then plotted to map and interpolated to produce PGA map, as seen in Figure 2.13. The PGA then is converted to gals unit that resulted as PGA100 output. The PGA100 is the main intermediate input for converting to MMI. Based on several equation: MMI Trifunac 1 log 980 0.014 0.3 MMI Wald 2.20 log 1.00 MMI Wald, 5M 3.6 log 1.66 PGA100 is converted to MMI. The result showed that Trifunac method has higher MMI value compared to Wald. Trifunac value peaked in around 9.2 while Wald peaked in 8.7 MMI. Figure 2.11. Peak Ground Acceleration in Nepal 100 year return period. Figure 2.13. Flowchart of converting PGA to MMI Figure 2.12. Peak Ground Acceleration in Nepal 50 year return period 104
Nepal Hazard Risk Assessment 2.5 REFERENCE CPC, Moisture index data. Climate Prediction Center (CPC), Maryland, USA. Dilley, M., Chen, R.S., Deichmann, U., Lerner-Lam, A.L., Arnold, M., 2005. Natural Disaster Hotspots - A Global Risk Analysis. Report International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. World Bank and Columbia University. DMG, 1987. Geological Map of Nepal, 1:250,000 scale (5 sheets). Department of Mines and Geology (DMG), Kathmandu, Nepal. Nadim, F., Kjekstad, O., Peduzzi, P., Herold, C., Jaedicke, C., 2006. Global landslide and avalanche hotspots. Landslides 3, 159 - 174. NGI, 2004. Landslide hazard and risk assessment in Nepal - A desk study. NGI Report 20041239-1. Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI). Pandey, M.R., Chitrakar, G.R., Kafle, B., Sapkota, S.N., Rajaure, S., Gautam, U.P., 2002. Seismic Hazard Map of Nepal. Department of Mines and Geology, Kathmandu. Trifunac, M.D., Brady, A.G., 1975. A Study on the Duration of Strong Earthquake Ground Motion. Bulletin of Seismology Society America 65, 581-626. Wald, D.J., Quitoriano, V., Heaton, T.H., Kanamori, H., 1999. Relationships between Peak Ground Acceleration, Peak Ground Velocity, and Modified Mercalli Intensity in California. Earthquake Spectra 15. 105
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