Influence of Maternal Prenatal Vitamin D Status on Infant Oral Health

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statistics including frequencies and mean values along with standard deviations (S.D.). Bivariate analysis included Chi Square Analysis, t tests, correlation, Poisson regression, and Analysis <strong>of</strong> Variance (ANOVA). Multiple logistic regression and multiple regression analyses were also employed. A p value <strong>of</strong> ≤ .05 was statistically significant. Key study variables, both independent (predictor) and dependent (outcome) are listed in Table 2.5. Specific descriptive statistics were performed for mean concentrations <strong>of</strong> serum metabolites including 25(OH)D, total calcium, alkaline phosphatase, and phosphorus. In addition basic descriptive statistics were employed to determine the prevalence <strong>of</strong> vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy in this cohort according to values used by the Department <strong>of</strong> Clinical Chemistry and those purported thresholds in the scientific literature. The prevalence <strong>of</strong> enamel hypoplasia and incidence <strong>of</strong> ECC were reported along with the frequency <strong>of</strong> the various forms <strong>of</strong> enamel opacities and hypoplasia observed. 2-19
Table 2.5 – Sources <strong>of</strong> independent and dependent variables and key independent and key outcome variables Sources <strong>of</strong> all Variables Key Variables Independent/Predictor <strong>Prenatal</strong> questionnaire Serum analysis Follow-up questionnaire <strong>Maternal</strong> 25(OH)D (continuous) <strong>Maternal</strong> 25(OH)D deficiency (dichotomous) Dependent/Outcome Infant dental examination Enamel hypoplasia (dichotomous) DDE (categorical) ECC (dichotomous) deft and dt (continuous) (rate <strong>of</strong> decay in primary teeth) Numerous bivariate associations were investigated. However, major associations that were assessed included the relationship between 25(OH)D concentrations and prenatal factors, 25(OH)D status and the presence <strong>of</strong> enamel hypoplasia, 25(OH)D and ECC, correlations between the serum concentrations <strong>of</strong> 25(OH)D, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase, and the relationship between enamel hypoplasia and ECC. In order to investigate the relationship between 25(OH)D and enamel hypoplasia several tests were employed. For instance, t tests were used to compare the 25(OH)D levels <strong>of</strong> mothers and the presence or absence <strong>of</strong> enamel hypoplasia. Chi Square testing was used to compare the presence or absence <strong>of</strong> 25(OH)D deficiency with enamel hypoplasia (dichotomous). As both the variables for enamel hypoplasia and ECC were categorical, Chi Square analysis was used to investigate the 2-20
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Influence
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Abstract Influence
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Acknowledgements This longitudinal
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Table of Contents
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Status and Non-<st
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Table 1.1-1 - Recent studies report
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Table 1.1-2 - Previous used terms f
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The Link Between Enamel Hypoplasia
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If enamel hypoplasia results from n
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malocclusions. 145 Additional human
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Daily intakes of v
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13. Milnes AR, Rubin CW, Karpa M, T
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40. Definition of
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71. Watt RG. From victim blaming to
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97. Fearne JM, Bryan EM, Elliman AM
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124. Burt BA, Pai S. Does low birth
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151. Tinanoff N, D
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Section 2 - Risk Factors for Enamel
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correspond to the timing of
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een published. 3,4,17,19 The intent
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Table 1.2-2 - Risk factors for DDE
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Opacity 51 Implicated Risk Developm
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Implicated Risk Factor Factors asso
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o Metabolic Abnormalities and Healt
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12 months of life.
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Other Factors Some uncommon risk fa
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devastating problem of</str
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13. An epidemiological index <stron
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54. Seow WK, Perham S. Enamel hypop
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82. Berdal A, Papagerakis P, Hotton
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Vitamin D may be d
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have been used to prof</str
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health’. In addition, articles we
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36 month trial had ended. 45 The nu
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Recently, a cross-sectional study <
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andomized, placebo-controlled study
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Further, amelogenin and enamelin, p
Page 76 and 77: A study of Austral
Page 78 and 79: Both dietary interventions and supp
Page 80 and 81: incidence of carie
Page 82 and 83: important nutrient. However, many <
Page 84 and 85: caries, and more hardening
Page 86 and 87: controls. 106 Interestingly, childr
Page 88 and 89: A few years later, additional resea
Page 90 and 91: Delayed Tooth Eruption Vita
Page 92 and 93: Description of Pop
Page 94 and 95: Influence
Page 96 and 97: D has an effect on the dentition, p
Page 98 and 99: 14. Utiger RD. The need for more vi
Page 100 and 101: 42. Spiller WF, Jr. A clinical eval
Page 102 and 103: 67. Itota T, Tashiro Y, Torii Y, Ni
Page 104 and 105: 95. Bruszt P. Kariesuntersuchungen
Page 106 and 107: 121. Seow WK, Needleman HL, Holm IA
Page 108 and 109: Chapter 2 - Methods for a Prospecti
Page 110 and 111: Each participant also completed an
Page 112 and 113: Table 2.2 - Recognized case definit
Page 114 and 115: Population The target population fo
Page 116 and 117: allowed the project to suffer some
Page 118 and 119: women of limited m
Page 120 and 121: involving the surface of</s
Page 122 and 123: and training cup. In addition, each
Page 124 and 125: The questionnaire was administered
Page 128 and 129: elationship between the two. Poisso
Page 130 and 131: References 1. Combs GF. Vit
Page 132 and 133: 27. Seow WK, Amaratunge A, Bennett
Page 134 and 135: Table 3.2 - Self-declared heritage
Page 136 and 137: Question Number Valid % Do you take
Page 138 and 139: Maternal Awareness
Page 140 and 141: time of recruitmen
Page 142 and 143: Table 3.6- Prenatal</strong
Page 144 and 145: A total of 77 care
Page 146 and 147: indicated that they were receiving
Page 148 and 149: and 11 hypoplasia). DDEs were also
Page 150 and 151: Caries rates for children in this p
Page 152 and 153: Table 3.12 - Frequency of</
Page 154 and 155: Chapter 4 - Results: Associations <
Page 156 and 157: II. Relationship Between 25(OH)D Le
Page 158 and 159: Pregnancy & Health Prof</st
Page 160 and 161: The frequency of v
Page 162 and 163: did not (42.9 ± 21.2 nmol/L vs. 49
Page 164 and 165: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) Pr<str
Page 166 and 167: likely to have vitamin D levels at
Page 168 and 169: did not statistically differ from v
Page 170 and 171: Figure 4.4 - Predicted number <stro
Page 172 and 173: Table 4.7 - Relationship between ds
Page 174 and 175: frequently, and less likely to have
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health as average or poor, and more
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tail (p=.034) suggesting that early
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The next series of
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Results from the second model appea
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Table 5.6 - Multiple regression sta
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vitamin D. However, it did suggest
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significant at the bivariate level
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Table 5.12(a) - Logistic regression
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III. Multivariate Regression Analys
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Table 5.14 - Logistic regression fo
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Table 5.19(b) - Backwards logistic
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Table 5.20(a) - Logistic regression
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Table 5.21 - Poisson regression for
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If enamel hypoplasia is present and
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Since maternal calcium levels were
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vitamin D deficiency, and rickets)
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to obtain it. Health literacy may b
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vitamin D from the diet as dietary
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home environment can be determinant
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hormone, calcium absorption and bon
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important nutrient. For many, this
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this potential relationship with ac
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genetic conditions, childhood medic
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vitamin D status including milk int
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y cariogenic oral flora. 49 Since e
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(49.8 ± 26.3 nmol/L vs. 45.1 ± 20
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pregnancy, which may have influence
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observed and it allowed multiple ou
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scientific evidence linking prenata
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cognizant that children who undergo
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preventive program would need to be
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makers in the formative stages. As
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Surprisingly, the final regression
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13. First Nations IaMHCCPS. <strong
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38. Hollis BW. Circulating 25-hydro
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65. Li Y, Navia JM, Bian JY. Caries
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91. Brownell MD, Guevremont A, Au W
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Chapter 7 - Conclusions This thesis
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This study provided an interesting
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esiding in disadvantaged communitie
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If you are taking vitamins during t
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Do you Eat? Never Rarely (less than
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What problems can early childhood c
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Prenatal Nutrition
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Did you ever add sugar to the bottl
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Enamel Hypoplasia Enamel Hypoplasia
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Influence of Maternal Prenatal Vitamin D Status on Infant Oral Health

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