Influence of Maternal Prenatal Vitamin D Status on Infant Oral Health

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vitamin D. However, it did suggest that <strong>of</strong>fspring <strong>of</strong> participants who had heard <strong>of</strong> vitamin D were less likely to have enamel hypoplasia (p=.053). Table 5.8 – Logistic regression for enamel hypoplasia* – <strong>Maternal</strong> awareness and knowledge <strong>of</strong> calcium and vitamin D Variable Regression Coefficient (b) Standard Error b Adjusted Odds Ratio ± 95% Confidence Interval P value Heard <strong>of</strong> vitamin D (reference: no) -0.88 0.45 0.42 0.17, 1.01 .053 Knew what calcium is important for (reference: no) *Enamel Hypoplasia reference = yes R 2 = 6.4% -0.72 0.46 0.48 0.20, 1.19 .11 Another regression model was constructed to examine the relationship between prenatal diet and prenatal care factors and risk for enamel hypoplasia in <strong>of</strong>fspring (Table 5.9). Variables considered for this model included both calcium and 25(OH)D levels <strong>of</strong> mothers during pregnancy, whether mothers experienced gestational diabetes, intakes <strong>of</strong> milk and margarine, both known to be fortified with vitamin D, and whether mothers were receiving the Healthy Baby prenatal government subsidy during pregnancy. Those variables that were found to be significantly associated with the presence or absence <strong>of</strong> enamel hypoplasia in infants were prenatal serum calcium levels <strong>of</strong> mothers (p=.019) and margarine use (p=.022). Those who did not eat margarine <strong>of</strong>ten, defined as once a day or more, were more than three times as likely to have an infant with enamel hypoplasia (OR = 1/0.31= 3.2). Results from a backwards logistic regression model involving the same variables included in the model in Table 5.9 identified three variables as being significantly associated with enamel hypoplasia, namely maternal calcium levels (p=.01), 5-8
not drinking milk <strong>of</strong>ten (p=.009), and not consuming margarine <strong>of</strong>ten (p=.017) (data not shown). Table 5.9 – Logistic regression for enamel hypoplasia* – <strong>Prenatal</strong> care and diet Variable Regression Standard Standard Adjusted ± 95% P value Coefficient (b) Error b Deviation <strong>of</strong> Variable in Sample Odds Ratio Confidence Interval Calcium -6.35 2.70 0.10 0.53 0.31, 0.90 .019 Gestational diabetes (reference: no) Drink milk (reference: < <strong>of</strong>ten) Doctor recommended vitamins (reference: no) Eat margarine (reference: < <strong>of</strong>ten) Received Healthy Baby benefit (reference: no) 0.004 0.73 1.00 0.24, 4.21 1.00 -1.04 0.55 0.35 0.12, 1.05 .061 -0.48 0.72 0.62 0.15, 2.52 .50 -1.18 0.52 0.31 0.11, 0.84 .022 0.41 0.64 1.50 0.43, 5.22 .52 Milk upsets 0.74 0.56 2.10 0.70, 6.29 .19 stomach (reference: no) 25(OH)D -0.0051 0.010 24.44 0.88 0.53, 1.45 0.62 *Enamel Hypoplasia reference = yes R 2 = 17.6% Table 5.10 reports findings from the regression model constructed to determine the association between enamel hypoplasia and household employment status and ethnicity <strong>of</strong> the participants (Table 5.10). Household employment status was included in the model as this relationship was significant at the bivariate level. No other independent economic variables like annual income were included in this model as they were not 5-9
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Influence
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Abstract Influence
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Acknowledgements This longitudinal
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Table of Contents
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Status and Non-<st
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Table 1.1-1 - Recent studies report
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Table 1.1-2 - Previous used terms f
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The Link Between Enamel Hypoplasia
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If enamel hypoplasia results from n
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malocclusions. 145 Additional human
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Daily intakes of v
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13. Milnes AR, Rubin CW, Karpa M, T
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40. Definition of
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71. Watt RG. From victim blaming to
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97. Fearne JM, Bryan EM, Elliman AM
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124. Burt BA, Pai S. Does low birth
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151. Tinanoff N, D
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Section 2 - Risk Factors for Enamel
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correspond to the timing of
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een published. 3,4,17,19 The intent
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Table 1.2-2 - Risk factors for DDE
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Opacity 51 Implicated Risk Developm
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Implicated Risk Factor Factors asso
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o Metabolic Abnormalities and Healt
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12 months of life.
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Other Factors Some uncommon risk fa
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devastating problem of</str
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13. An epidemiological index <stron
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54. Seow WK, Perham S. Enamel hypop
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82. Berdal A, Papagerakis P, Hotton
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Vitamin D may be d
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have been used to prof</str
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health’. In addition, articles we
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36 month trial had ended. 45 The nu
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Recently, a cross-sectional study <
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andomized, placebo-controlled study
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Further, amelogenin and enamelin, p
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A study of Austral
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Both dietary interventions and supp
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incidence of carie
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important nutrient. However, many <
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caries, and more hardening
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controls. 106 Interestingly, childr
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A few years later, additional resea
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Delayed Tooth Eruption Vita
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Description of Pop
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Influence
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D has an effect on the dentition, p
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14. Utiger RD. The need for more vi
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42. Spiller WF, Jr. A clinical eval
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67. Itota T, Tashiro Y, Torii Y, Ni
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95. Bruszt P. Kariesuntersuchungen
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121. Seow WK, Needleman HL, Holm IA
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Chapter 2 - Methods for a Prospecti
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Each participant also completed an
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Table 2.2 - Recognized case definit
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Population The target population fo
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allowed the project to suffer some
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women of limited m
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involving the surface of</s
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and training cup. In addition, each
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The questionnaire was administered
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statistics including frequencies an
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elationship between the two. Poisso
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References 1. Combs GF. Vit
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27. Seow WK, Amaratunge A, Bennett
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Table 3.2 - Self-declared heritage
Page 136 and 137: Question Number Valid % Do you take
Page 138 and 139: Maternal Awareness
Page 140 and 141: time of recruitmen
Page 142 and 143: Table 3.6- Prenatal</strong
Page 144 and 145: A total of 77 care
Page 146 and 147: indicated that they were receiving
Page 148 and 149: and 11 hypoplasia). DDEs were also
Page 150 and 151: Caries rates for children in this p
Page 152 and 153: Table 3.12 - Frequency of</
Page 154 and 155: Chapter 4 - Results: Associations <
Page 156 and 157: II. Relationship Between 25(OH)D Le
Page 158 and 159: Pregnancy & Health Prof</st
Page 160 and 161: The frequency of v
Page 162 and 163: did not (42.9 ± 21.2 nmol/L vs. 49
Page 164 and 165: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) Pr<str
Page 166 and 167: likely to have vitamin D levels at
Page 168 and 169: did not statistically differ from v
Page 170 and 171: Figure 4.4 - Predicted number <stro
Page 172 and 173: Table 4.7 - Relationship between ds
Page 174 and 175: frequently, and less likely to have
Page 176 and 177: health as average or poor, and more
Page 178 and 179: tail (p=.034) suggesting that early
Page 180 and 181: The next series of
Page 182 and 183: Results from the second model appea
Page 184 and 185: Table 5.6 - Multiple regression sta
Page 188 and 189: significant at the bivariate level
Page 190 and 191: Table 5.12(a) - Logistic regression
Page 192 and 193: III. Multivariate Regression Analys
Page 194 and 195: Table 5.14 - Logistic regression fo
Page 200 and 201: Table 5.19(b) - Backwards logistic
Page 202 and 203: Table 5.20(a) - Logistic regression
Page 204 and 205: Table 5.21 - Poisson regression for
Page 206 and 207: If enamel hypoplasia is present and
Page 208 and 209: Since maternal calcium levels were
Page 210 and 211: vitamin D deficiency, and rickets)
Page 212 and 213: to obtain it. Health literacy may b
Page 214 and 215: vitamin D from the diet as dietary
Page 216 and 217: home environment can be determinant
Page 218 and 219: hormone, calcium absorption and bon
Page 220 and 221: important nutrient. For many, this
Page 222 and 223: this potential relationship with ac
Page 224 and 225: genetic conditions, childhood medic
Page 226 and 227: vitamin D status including milk int
Page 228 and 229: y cariogenic oral flora. 49 Since e
Page 230 and 231: (49.8 ± 26.3 nmol/L vs. 45.1 ± 20
Page 232 and 233: pregnancy, which may have influence
Page 234 and 235: observed and it allowed multiple ou
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scientific evidence linking prenata
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cognizant that children who undergo
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preventive program would need to be
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makers in the formative stages. As
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Surprisingly, the final regression
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13. First Nations IaMHCCPS. <strong
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38. Hollis BW. Circulating 25-hydro
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65. Li Y, Navia JM, Bian JY. Caries
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91. Brownell MD, Guevremont A, Au W
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Chapter 7 - Conclusions This thesis
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This study provided an interesting
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esiding in disadvantaged communitie
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If you are taking vitamins during t
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Do you Eat? Never Rarely (less than
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What problems can early childhood c
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Prenatal Nutrition
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Did you ever add sugar to the bottl
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Enamel Hypoplasia Enamel Hypoplasia
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Influence of Maternal Prenatal Vitamin D Status on Infant Oral Health

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