Influence of Maternal Prenatal Vitamin D Status on Infant Oral Health

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Table 5.12(a) – Logistic regression for enamel hypoplasia* – Final model Variable Regression Coefficient (b) Standard Error b Adjusted Odds Ratio Standard Deviation <strong>of</strong> Variable in Sample ± 95% Confidence Interval P value Calcium -5.53 2.61 0.10 0.57 0.35, 1.52 0.034 Drink milk (reference: < <strong>of</strong>ten) Eat margarine (reference: < <strong>of</strong>ten) No one with full-time employment in household (reference: no) Heard <strong>of</strong> vitamin D (reference: no) -1.07 0.56 0.34 0.11, 1.03 .057 -1.14 0.51 0.32 0.12, 0.86 .024 1.43 0.83 4.16 0.82, 21.03 .085 -1.03 0.49 0.36 0.14, 0.94 .036 Serious 0.038 0.55 1.04 0.36, 3.03 .94 medical problem(s) (reference: no) 25(OH)D -0.0017 0.011 24.44 0.96 0.89, 1.04 .87 *Enamel Hypoplasia reference = yes R 2 = 19.9% When the variable <strong>of</strong> serious medical problem(s) during infancy was removed from the model (since it was not significant in Table 5.11), these same variables identified in Table 5.12(a) remained significant. However, not drinking milk <strong>of</strong>ten did become statistically significant (p=.05). Overall, lower calcium concentrations were associated with enamel hypoplasia. Infants <strong>of</strong> mothers who lived in a household where no one was employed full-time during pregnancy were at greater risk for having enamel hypoplasia while those whose mothers ate margarine, drank milk frequently, and had 5-12
heard <strong>of</strong> vitamin D were significantly less likely to display enamel hypoplasia in their primary teeth. Table 5.12(b) – Backwards logistic regression for enamel hypoplasia* – Final model Variable Regression Standard Standard Adjusted ± 95% P value Coefficient (b) Error b Deviation <strong>of</strong> Variable in Sample Odds Ratio Confidence Interval Calcium -5.57 2.57 0.10 0.57 0.35, 0.95 .030 No one with full-time employment in household (reference: no) Drink milk (reference: < <strong>of</strong>ten) Eat margarine (reference: < <strong>of</strong>ten) Heard <strong>of</strong> vitamin D (reference: no) *Enamel Hypoplasia reference = yes 1.47 0.80 4.33 0.91, 20.69 .066 -1.11 0.52 0.33 0.12, 0.92 .034 -1.14 0.51 0.32 0.12, 0.86 .023 -1.04 0.49 0.36 0.14, 0.92 .033 Backwards logistic regression analysis for enamel hypoplasia using the same variables included in Table 5.12(a) revealed that the final iteration contained five <strong>of</strong> these variables, but only four were significantly associated with hypoplastic defects (Table 5.12(b)). The five remaining variables included low maternal calcium levels (p=.030), not having heard <strong>of</strong> vitamin D (p=.033), not drinking milk frequently (p=.034), and not using margarine daily (p=.023), and no household full-time employment during pregnancy (p=.066). 5-13
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Influence
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Abstract Influence
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Acknowledgements This longitudinal
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Table of Contents
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Status and Non-<st
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Table 1.1-1 - Recent studies report
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Table 1.1-2 - Previous used terms f
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The Link Between Enamel Hypoplasia
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If enamel hypoplasia results from n
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malocclusions. 145 Additional human
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Daily intakes of v
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13. Milnes AR, Rubin CW, Karpa M, T
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40. Definition of
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71. Watt RG. From victim blaming to
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97. Fearne JM, Bryan EM, Elliman AM
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124. Burt BA, Pai S. Does low birth
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151. Tinanoff N, D
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Section 2 - Risk Factors for Enamel
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correspond to the timing of
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een published. 3,4,17,19 The intent
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Table 1.2-2 - Risk factors for DDE
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Opacity 51 Implicated Risk Developm
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Implicated Risk Factor Factors asso
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o Metabolic Abnormalities and Healt
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12 months of life.
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Other Factors Some uncommon risk fa
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devastating problem of</str
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13. An epidemiological index <stron
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54. Seow WK, Perham S. Enamel hypop
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82. Berdal A, Papagerakis P, Hotton
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Vitamin D may be d
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have been used to prof</str
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health’. In addition, articles we
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36 month trial had ended. 45 The nu
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Recently, a cross-sectional study <
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andomized, placebo-controlled study
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Further, amelogenin and enamelin, p
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A study of Austral
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Both dietary interventions and supp
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incidence of carie
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important nutrient. However, many <
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caries, and more hardening
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controls. 106 Interestingly, childr
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A few years later, additional resea
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Delayed Tooth Eruption Vita
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Description of Pop
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Influence
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D has an effect on the dentition, p
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14. Utiger RD. The need for more vi
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42. Spiller WF, Jr. A clinical eval
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67. Itota T, Tashiro Y, Torii Y, Ni
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95. Bruszt P. Kariesuntersuchungen
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121. Seow WK, Needleman HL, Holm IA
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Chapter 2 - Methods for a Prospecti
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Each participant also completed an
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Table 2.2 - Recognized case definit
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Population The target population fo
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allowed the project to suffer some
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women of limited m
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involving the surface of</s
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and training cup. In addition, each
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The questionnaire was administered
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statistics including frequencies an
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elationship between the two. Poisso
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References 1. Combs GF. Vit
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27. Seow WK, Amaratunge A, Bennett
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Table 3.2 - Self-declared heritage
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Question Number Valid % Do you take
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Maternal Awareness
Page 140 and 141: time of recruitmen
Page 142 and 143: Table 3.6- Prenatal</strong
Page 144 and 145: A total of 77 care
Page 146 and 147: indicated that they were receiving
Page 148 and 149: and 11 hypoplasia). DDEs were also
Page 150 and 151: Caries rates for children in this p
Page 152 and 153: Table 3.12 - Frequency of</
Page 154 and 155: Chapter 4 - Results: Associations <
Page 156 and 157: II. Relationship Between 25(OH)D Le
Page 158 and 159: Pregnancy & Health Prof</st
Page 160 and 161: The frequency of v
Page 162 and 163: did not (42.9 ± 21.2 nmol/L vs. 49
Page 164 and 165: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) Pr<str
Page 166 and 167: likely to have vitamin D levels at
Page 168 and 169: did not statistically differ from v
Page 170 and 171: Figure 4.4 - Predicted number <stro
Page 172 and 173: Table 4.7 - Relationship between ds
Page 174 and 175: frequently, and less likely to have
Page 176 and 177: health as average or poor, and more
Page 178 and 179: tail (p=.034) suggesting that early
Page 180 and 181: The next series of
Page 182 and 183: Results from the second model appea
Page 184 and 185: Table 5.6 - Multiple regression sta
Page 186 and 187: vitamin D. However, it did suggest
Page 188 and 189: significant at the bivariate level
Page 192 and 193: III. Multivariate Regression Analys
Page 194 and 195: Table 5.14 - Logistic regression fo
Page 200 and 201: Table 5.19(b) - Backwards logistic
Page 202 and 203: Table 5.20(a) - Logistic regression
Page 204 and 205: Table 5.21 - Poisson regression for
Page 206 and 207: If enamel hypoplasia is present and
Page 208 and 209: Since maternal calcium levels were
Page 210 and 211: vitamin D deficiency, and rickets)
Page 212 and 213: to obtain it. Health literacy may b
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Page 218 and 219: hormone, calcium absorption and bon
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Page 222 and 223: this potential relationship with ac
Page 224 and 225: genetic conditions, childhood medic
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Page 228 and 229: y cariogenic oral flora. 49 Since e
Page 230 and 231: (49.8 ± 26.3 nmol/L vs. 45.1 ± 20
Page 232 and 233: pregnancy, which may have influence
Page 234 and 235: observed and it allowed multiple ou
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Page 238 and 239: cognizant that children who undergo
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preventive program would need to be
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makers in the formative stages. As
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Surprisingly, the final regression
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13. First Nations IaMHCCPS. <strong
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38. Hollis BW. Circulating 25-hydro
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65. Li Y, Navia JM, Bian JY. Caries
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91. Brownell MD, Guevremont A, Au W
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Chapter 7 - Conclusions This thesis
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This study provided an interesting
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esiding in disadvantaged communitie
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If you are taking vitamins during t
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Do you Eat? Never Rarely (less than
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What problems can early childhood c
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Prenatal Nutrition
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Did you ever add sugar to the bottl
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Enamel Hypoplasia Enamel Hypoplasia
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Influence of Maternal Prenatal Vitamin D Status on Infant Oral Health

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