Influence of Maternal Prenatal Vitamin D Status on Infant Oral Health

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13. First Nations IaMHCCPS. <strong>Vitamin</strong> D supplementation: recommendations for Canadian mothers and infants. Paediatr Child Health 2007; 12(7):583-589. 14. Hathcock JN, Shao A, Vieth R, Heaney R. Risk assessment for vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85(1):6-18. 15. Weiler H, Fitzpatrick-Wong S, Veitch R, Kovacs H, Schellenberg J, McCloy U et al. <strong>Vitamin</strong> D deficiency and whole-body and femur bone mass relative to weight in healthy newborns. CMAJ 2005; 172(6):757-761. 16. Schroth RJ. <strong>Maternal</strong> vitamin D: a systematic review <strong>of</strong> associations and deficiencies, an investigation <strong>of</strong> early childhood caries in northern Manitoba, and a proposed study <strong>of</strong> prenatal vitamin D status and enamel hypoplasia in infants. 2003. University <strong>of</strong> Manitoba. Ref Type: Thesis/Dissertation 17. Vieth R, Cole DE, Hawker GA, Trang HM, Rubin LA. Wintertime vitamin D insufficiency is common in young Canadian women, and their vitamin D intake does not prevent it. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001; 55(12):1091-1097. 18. Jeal N, Schroth R, Sellers E. <strong>Vitamin</strong> D differences in preschool children with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) and their caries-free peers. J Can Dent Assoc. 75[7], 498. 2009. Ref Type: Abstract 19. Smith PJ. <strong>Vitamin</strong> D deficiency in three northern Manitoba communities. 2000. University <strong>of</strong> Manitoba. Ref Type: Thesis/Dissertation 20. Langlois K, Greene-Finestone L, Little J, Hidiroglou N, Whiting S. <strong>Vitamin</strong> D status <strong>of</strong> Canadians as measured in the 2007 to 2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey. Health Reports 21[1], 47-55. 2010. Ref Type: Journal (Full) 21. Whiting SJ, Calvo MS. Dietary recommendations for vitamin D: a critical need for functional end points to establish an estimated average requirement. J Nutr 2005; 135(2):304-309. 22. Schroth RJ, Smith PJ, Whalen JC, Lekic C, M<strong>of</strong>fatt ME. Prevalence <strong>of</strong> caries among preschool-aged children in a northern Manitoba community. J Can Dent Assoc 2005; 71(1):27. 23. Schroth RJ, Moore P, Brothwell DJ. Prevalence <strong>of</strong> early childhood caries in 4 Manitoba communities. J Can Dent Assoc 2005; 71(8):567. 24. Schroth RJ, Cheba V. Determining the prevalence and risk factors for early childhood caries in a community dental health clinic. Pediatr Dent 2007; 29(5):387- 396. 6-38
25. Caufield PW, Cutter GR, Dasanayake AP. Initial acquisition <strong>of</strong> mutans streptococci by infants: evidence for a discrete window <strong>of</strong> infectivity. J Dent Res 1993; 72(1):37-45. 26. Li Y, Caufield PW. The fidelity <strong>of</strong> initial acquisition <strong>of</strong> mutans streptococci by infants from their mothers. J Dent Res 1995; 74(2):681-685. 27. Tedjosasongko U, Kozai K. Initial acquisition and transmission <strong>of</strong> mutans streptococci in children at day nursery. ASDC J Dent Child 2002; 69(3):284-285. 28. Brownell M, DeCoster C, Penfold R, Derksen S, Au W, Schultz J et al. Manitoba Child Health Atlas Update. 1-318. 2008. Winnipeg, MB, Manitoba Centre for Health Policy. 8-11-2008. Ref Type: Report 29. Seow WK, Amaratunge A, Bennett R, Bronsch D, Lai PY. Dental health <strong>of</strong> aboriginal pre-school children in Brisbane, Australia. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1996; 24(3):187-190. 30. Seow WK, Amaratunge A, Sim R, Wan A. Prevalence <strong>of</strong> caries in urban Australian aborigines aged 1-3.5 years. Pediatr Dent 1999; 21(2):91-96. 31. Ismail AI, Sohn W. A systematic review <strong>of</strong> clinical diagnostic criteria <strong>of</strong> early childhood caries. J Public Health Dent 1999; 59(3):171-191. 32. Ismail AI, Sohn W, Tellez M, Amaya A, Sen A, Hasson H et al. The International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS): an integrated system for measuring dental caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2007; 35(3):170-178. 33. Weinstein P, Smith WF, Fraser-Lee N, Shimono T, Tsubouchi J. Epidemiologic study <strong>of</strong> 19-month-old Edmonton, Alberta children: caries rates and risk factors. ASDC J Dent Child 1996; 63(6):426-433. 34. Drury TF, Horowitz AM, Ismail AI, Maertens MP, Rozier RG, Selwitz RH. Diagnosing and reporting early childhood caries for research purposes. A report <strong>of</strong> a workshop sponsored by the National Institute <strong>of</strong> Dental and Crani<strong>of</strong>acial Research, the Health Resources and Services Administration, and the Health Care Financing Administration. J Public Health Dent 1999; 59(3):192-197. 35. American Academy <strong>of</strong> Pediatric Dentistry. Definition <strong>of</strong> early childhood caries (ECC). Pediatr Dent 2008; 30(7):13. 36. Hollis BW, Wagner CL. Normal serum vitamin D levels. N Engl J Med 2005; 352(5):515-516. 37. Holick MF. <strong>Vitamin</strong> D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007; 357(3):266-281. 6-39
Page 1 and 2:
Influence
Page 3 and 4:
Abstract Influence
Page 5 and 6:
Acknowledgements This longitudinal
Page 7 and 8:
Table of Contents
Page 9 and 10:
Status and Non-<st
Page 11 and 12:
Table 1.1-1 - Recent studies report
Page 13 and 14:
Table 1.1-2 - Previous used terms f
Page 15 and 16:
The Link Between Enamel Hypoplasia
Page 17 and 18:
If enamel hypoplasia results from n
Page 19 and 20:
malocclusions. 145 Additional human
Page 21 and 22:
Daily intakes of v
Page 23 and 24:
13. Milnes AR, Rubin CW, Karpa M, T
Page 25 and 26:
40. Definition of
Page 27 and 28:
71. Watt RG. From victim blaming to
Page 29 and 30:
97. Fearne JM, Bryan EM, Elliman AM
Page 31 and 32:
124. Burt BA, Pai S. Does low birth
Page 33 and 34:
151. Tinanoff N, D
Page 35 and 36:
Section 2 - Risk Factors for Enamel
Page 37 and 38:
correspond to the timing of
Page 39 and 40:
een published. 3,4,17,19 The intent
Page 41 and 42:
Table 1.2-2 - Risk factors for DDE
Page 43 and 44:
Opacity 51 Implicated Risk Developm
Page 45 and 46:
Implicated Risk Factor Factors asso
Page 47 and 48:
o Metabolic Abnormalities and Healt
Page 49 and 50:
12 months of life.
Page 51 and 52:
Other Factors Some uncommon risk fa
Page 53 and 54:
devastating problem of</str
Page 55:
13. An epidemiological index <stron
Page 58 and 59:
54. Seow WK, Perham S. Enamel hypop
Page 60 and 61:
82. Berdal A, Papagerakis P, Hotton
Page 62 and 63:
Vitamin D may be d
Page 64 and 65:
have been used to prof</str
Page 66 and 67:
health’. In addition, articles we
Page 68 and 69:
36 month trial had ended. 45 The nu
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Recently, a cross-sectional study <
Page 72 and 73:
andomized, placebo-controlled study
Page 74 and 75:
Further, amelogenin and enamelin, p
Page 76 and 77:
A study of Austral
Page 78 and 79:
Both dietary interventions and supp
Page 80 and 81:
incidence of carie
Page 82 and 83:
important nutrient. However, many <
Page 84 and 85:
caries, and more hardening
Page 86 and 87:
controls. 106 Interestingly, childr
Page 88 and 89:
A few years later, additional resea
Page 90 and 91:
Delayed Tooth Eruption Vita
Page 92 and 93:
Description of Pop
Page 94 and 95:
Influence
Page 96 and 97:
D has an effect on the dentition, p
Page 98 and 99:
14. Utiger RD. The need for more vi
Page 100 and 101:
42. Spiller WF, Jr. A clinical eval
Page 102 and 103:
67. Itota T, Tashiro Y, Torii Y, Ni
Page 104 and 105:
95. Bruszt P. Kariesuntersuchungen
Page 106 and 107:
121. Seow WK, Needleman HL, Holm IA
Page 108 and 109:
Chapter 2 - Methods for a Prospecti
Page 110 and 111:
Each participant also completed an
Page 112 and 113:
Table 2.2 - Recognized case definit
Page 114 and 115:
Population The target population fo
Page 116 and 117:
allowed the project to suffer some
Page 118 and 119:
women of limited m
Page 120 and 121:
involving the surface of</s
Page 122 and 123:
and training cup. In addition, each
Page 124 and 125:
The questionnaire was administered
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statistics including frequencies an
Page 128 and 129:
elationship between the two. Poisso
Page 130 and 131:
References 1. Combs GF. Vit
Page 132 and 133:
27. Seow WK, Amaratunge A, Bennett
Page 134 and 135:
Table 3.2 - Self-declared heritage
Page 136 and 137:
Question Number Valid % Do you take
Page 138 and 139:
Maternal Awareness
Page 140 and 141:
time of recruitmen
Page 142 and 143:
Table 3.6- Prenatal</strong
Page 144 and 145:
A total of 77 care
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indicated that they were receiving
Page 148 and 149:
and 11 hypoplasia). DDEs were also
Page 150 and 151:
Caries rates for children in this p
Page 152 and 153:
Table 3.12 - Frequency of</
Page 154 and 155:
Chapter 4 - Results: Associations <
Page 156 and 157:
II. Relationship Between 25(OH)D Le
Page 158 and 159:
Pregnancy & Health Prof</st
Page 160 and 161:
The frequency of v
Page 162 and 163:
did not (42.9 ± 21.2 nmol/L vs. 49
Page 164 and 165:
Early Childhood Caries (ECC) Pr<str
Page 166 and 167:
likely to have vitamin D levels at
Page 168 and 169:
did not statistically differ from v
Page 170 and 171:
Figure 4.4 - Predicted number <stro
Page 172 and 173:
Table 4.7 - Relationship between ds
Page 174 and 175:
frequently, and less likely to have
Page 176 and 177:
health as average or poor, and more
Page 178 and 179:
tail (p=.034) suggesting that early
Page 180 and 181:
The next series of
Page 182 and 183:
Results from the second model appea
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Table 5.6 - Multiple regression sta
Page 186 and 187:
vitamin D. However, it did suggest
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significant at the bivariate level
Page 190 and 191:
Table 5.12(a) - Logistic regression
Page 192 and 193:
III. Multivariate Regression Analys
Page 194 and 195:
Table 5.14 - Logistic regression fo
Page 196 and 197: Table 5.16 - Logistic regression fo
Page 198 and 199: Table 5.18 - Logistic regression fo
Page 200 and 201: Table 5.19(b) - Backwards logistic
Page 202 and 203: Table 5.20(a) - Logistic regression
Page 204 and 205: Table 5.21 - Poisson regression for
Page 206 and 207: If enamel hypoplasia is present and
Page 208 and 209: Since maternal calcium levels were
Page 210 and 211: vitamin D deficiency, and rickets)
Page 212 and 213: to obtain it. Health literacy may b
Page 214 and 215: vitamin D from the diet as dietary
Page 216 and 217: home environment can be determinant
Page 218 and 219: hormone, calcium absorption and bon
Page 220 and 221: important nutrient. For many, this
Page 222 and 223: this potential relationship with ac
Page 224 and 225: genetic conditions, childhood medic
Page 226 and 227: vitamin D status including milk int
Page 228 and 229: y cariogenic oral flora. 49 Since e
Page 230 and 231: (49.8 ± 26.3 nmol/L vs. 45.1 ± 20
Page 232 and 233: pregnancy, which may have influence
Page 234 and 235: observed and it allowed multiple ou
Page 236 and 237: scientific evidence linking prenata
Page 238 and 239: cognizant that children who undergo
Page 240 and 241: preventive program would need to be
Page 242 and 243: makers in the formative stages. As
Page 244 and 245: Surprisingly, the final regression
Page 248 and 249: 38. Hollis BW. Circulating 25-hydro
Page 250 and 251: 65. Li Y, Navia JM, Bian JY. Caries
Page 252 and 253: 91. Brownell MD, Guevremont A, Au W
Page 254 and 255: Chapter 7 - Conclusions This thesis
Page 256 and 257: This study provided an interesting
Page 258: esiding in disadvantaged communitie
Page 271 and 272: If you are taking vitamins during t
Page 273 and 274: Do you Eat? Never Rarely (less than
Page 275 and 276: What problems can early childhood c
Page 277 and 278: Prenatal Nutrition
Page 279 and 280: Did you ever add sugar to the bottl
Page 281 and 282: Enamel Hypoplasia Enamel Hypoplasia
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