Influence of Maternal Prenatal Vitamin D Status on Infant Oral Health

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38. Hollis BW. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels indicative <strong>of</strong> vitamin D sufficiency: implications for establishing a new effective dietary intake recommendation for vitamin D. J Nutr 2005; 135(2):317-322. 39. Heaney RP. The <strong>Vitamin</strong> D requirement in health and disease. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 97(1-2):13-19. 40. Weiler HA, Leslie WD, Krahn J, Steiman PW, Metge CJ. Canadian Aboriginal women have a higher prevalence <strong>of</strong> vitamin D deficiency than non-Aboriginal women despite similar dietary vitamin D intakes. J Nutr 2007; 137(2):461-465. 41. Vieth R, Kimball S, Hu A, Walfish PG. Randomized comparison <strong>of</strong> the effects <strong>of</strong> the vitamin D3 adequate intake versus 100 mcg (4000 IU) per day on biochemical responses and the wellbeing <strong>of</strong> patients. Nutr J 2004; 3:8. 42. Schwalfenberg G. Not enough vitamin D: health consequences for Canadians. Can Fam Physician 2007; 53(5):841-854. 43. Cannell JJ, Hollis BW, Zasl<strong>of</strong>f M, Heaney RP. Diagnosis and treatment <strong>of</strong> vitamin D deficiency. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2008; 9(1):107-118. 44. Serenius F, Elidrissy AT, Dandona P. <strong>Vitamin</strong> D nutrition in pregnant women at term and in newly born babies in Saudi Arabia. J Clin Pathol 1984; 37(4):444-447. 45. Hillman LS, Haddad JG. Perinatal vitamin D metabolism. III. Factors influencing late gestational human serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976; 125(2):196-200. 46. van dM, I, Karamali NS, Boeke AJ, Lips P, Middelkoop BJ, Verhoeven I et al. High prevalence <strong>of</strong> vitamin D deficiency in pregnant non-Western women in The Hague, Netherlands. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84(2):350-353. 47. Needleman HL, Allred E, Bellinger D, Leviton A, Rabinowitz M, Iverson K. Antecedents and correlates <strong>of</strong> hypoplastic enamel defects <strong>of</strong> primary incisors. Pediatr Dent 1992; 14(3):158-166. 48. Seow WK. Enamel hypoplasia in the primary dentition: a review. ASDC J Dent Child 1991; 58(6):441-452. 49. Seow WK. Biological mechanisms <strong>of</strong> early childhood caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1998; 26(1 Suppl):8-27. 50. Nikiforuk G, Fraser D. Chemical determinants <strong>of</strong> enamel hypoplasia in children with disorders <strong>of</strong> calcium and phosphate homeostasis. J Dent Res 1979; 58(Spec Issue B):1014-1015. 51. Fraser D, Nikiforuk G. The etiology <strong>of</strong> enamel hypoplasia in children--a unifying concept. J Int Assoc Dent Child 1982; 13(1):1-11. 6-40
52. Valaitis R, Hesch R, Passarelli C, Sheehan D, Sinton J. A systematic review <strong>of</strong> the relationship between breastfeeding and early childhood caries. Can J Public Health 2000; 91(6):411-417. 53. Ribeiro NM, Ribeiro MA. [Breastfeeding and early childhood caries: a critical review]. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2004; 80(5 Suppl):S199-S210. 54. Iida H, Auinger P, Billings RJ, Weitzman M. Association between infant breastfeeding and early childhood caries in the United States. Pediatrics 2007; 120(4):e944-e952. 55. Hallett KB, O'Rourke PK. Social and behavioural determinants <strong>of</strong> early childhood caries. Aust Dent J 2003; 48(1):27-33. 56. Jin B, Ma D, Moon H, Paik D, Hahn S, Horowitz AM. Early childhood caries: prevalence and risk factors in Seoul, Korea. J Public Health Dent 2003; 63(3):183- 188. 57. Oliveira AF, Chaves AM, Rosenblatt A. The influence <strong>of</strong> enamel defects on the development <strong>of</strong> early childhood caries in a population with low socioeconomic status: a longitudinal study. Caries Res 2006; 40(4):296-302. 58. Law V, Seow WK. A longitudinal controlled study <strong>of</strong> factors associated with mutans streptococci infection and caries lesion initiation in children 21 to 72 months old. Pediatr Dent 2006; 28(1):58-65. 59. Lips P, Chapuy MC, Dawson-Hughes B, Pols HA, Holick MF. An international comparison <strong>of</strong> serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurements. Osteoporos Int 1999; 9(5):394-397. 60. Vieth R, Carter G. Difficulties with vitamin D nutrition research: objective targets <strong>of</strong> adequacy, and assays for 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001; 55(4):221-222. 61. Seow WK. Clinical diagnosis <strong>of</strong> enamel defects: pitfalls and practical guidelines. Int Dent J 1997; 47(3):173-182. 62. A review <strong>of</strong> the developmental defects <strong>of</strong> enamel index (DDE Index). Commission on Oral Health, Research & Epidemiology. Report <strong>of</strong> an FDI Working Group. Int Dent J 1992; 42(6):411-426. 63. Niessen LW, Grijseels EW, Rutten FF. The evidence-based approach in health policy and health care delivery. Soc Sci Med 2000; 51(6):859-869. 64. Burian B. Policy process framework: a systems approach to policy development. J Allied Health 1989; 18(1):95-99. 6-41
Page 1 and 2:
Influence
Page 3 and 4:
Abstract Influence
Page 5 and 6:
Acknowledgements This longitudinal
Page 7 and 8:
Table of Contents
Page 9 and 10:
Status and Non-<st
Page 11 and 12:
Table 1.1-1 - Recent studies report
Page 13 and 14:
Table 1.1-2 - Previous used terms f
Page 15 and 16:
The Link Between Enamel Hypoplasia
Page 17 and 18:
If enamel hypoplasia results from n
Page 19 and 20:
malocclusions. 145 Additional human
Page 21 and 22:
Daily intakes of v
Page 23 and 24:
13. Milnes AR, Rubin CW, Karpa M, T
Page 25 and 26:
40. Definition of
Page 27 and 28:
71. Watt RG. From victim blaming to
Page 29 and 30:
97. Fearne JM, Bryan EM, Elliman AM
Page 31 and 32:
124. Burt BA, Pai S. Does low birth
Page 33 and 34:
151. Tinanoff N, D
Page 35 and 36:
Section 2 - Risk Factors for Enamel
Page 37 and 38:
correspond to the timing of
Page 39 and 40:
een published. 3,4,17,19 The intent
Page 41 and 42:
Table 1.2-2 - Risk factors for DDE
Page 43 and 44:
Opacity 51 Implicated Risk Developm
Page 45 and 46:
Implicated Risk Factor Factors asso
Page 47 and 48:
o Metabolic Abnormalities and Healt
Page 49 and 50:
12 months of life.
Page 51 and 52:
Other Factors Some uncommon risk fa
Page 53 and 54:
devastating problem of</str
Page 55:
13. An epidemiological index <stron
Page 58 and 59:
54. Seow WK, Perham S. Enamel hypop
Page 60 and 61:
82. Berdal A, Papagerakis P, Hotton
Page 62 and 63:
Vitamin D may be d
Page 64 and 65:
have been used to prof</str
Page 66 and 67:
health’. In addition, articles we
Page 68 and 69:
36 month trial had ended. 45 The nu
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Recently, a cross-sectional study <
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andomized, placebo-controlled study
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Further, amelogenin and enamelin, p
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A study of Austral
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Both dietary interventions and supp
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incidence of carie
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important nutrient. However, many <
Page 84 and 85:
caries, and more hardening
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controls. 106 Interestingly, childr
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A few years later, additional resea
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Delayed Tooth Eruption Vita
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Description of Pop
Page 94 and 95:
Influence
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D has an effect on the dentition, p
Page 98 and 99:
14. Utiger RD. The need for more vi
Page 100 and 101:
42. Spiller WF, Jr. A clinical eval
Page 102 and 103:
67. Itota T, Tashiro Y, Torii Y, Ni
Page 104 and 105:
95. Bruszt P. Kariesuntersuchungen
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121. Seow WK, Needleman HL, Holm IA
Page 108 and 109:
Chapter 2 - Methods for a Prospecti
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Each participant also completed an
Page 112 and 113:
Table 2.2 - Recognized case definit
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Population The target population fo
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allowed the project to suffer some
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women of limited m
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involving the surface of</s
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and training cup. In addition, each
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The questionnaire was administered
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statistics including frequencies an
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elationship between the two. Poisso
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References 1. Combs GF. Vit
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27. Seow WK, Amaratunge A, Bennett
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Table 3.2 - Self-declared heritage
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Question Number Valid % Do you take
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Maternal Awareness
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time of recruitmen
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Table 3.6- Prenatal</strong
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A total of 77 care
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indicated that they were receiving
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and 11 hypoplasia). DDEs were also
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Caries rates for children in this p
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Table 3.12 - Frequency of</
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Chapter 4 - Results: Associations <
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II. Relationship Between 25(OH)D Le
Page 158 and 159:
Pregnancy & Health Prof</st
Page 160 and 161:
The frequency of v
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did not (42.9 ± 21.2 nmol/L vs. 49
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Early Childhood Caries (ECC) Pr<str
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likely to have vitamin D levels at
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did not statistically differ from v
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Figure 4.4 - Predicted number <stro
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Table 4.7 - Relationship between ds
Page 174 and 175:
frequently, and less likely to have
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health as average or poor, and more
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tail (p=.034) suggesting that early
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The next series of
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Results from the second model appea
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Table 5.6 - Multiple regression sta
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vitamin D. However, it did suggest
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significant at the bivariate level
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Table 5.12(a) - Logistic regression
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III. Multivariate Regression Analys
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Table 5.14 - Logistic regression fo
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Table 5.16 - Logistic regression fo
Page 198 and 199: Table 5.18 - Logistic regression fo
Page 200 and 201: Table 5.19(b) - Backwards logistic
Page 202 and 203: Table 5.20(a) - Logistic regression
Page 204 and 205: Table 5.21 - Poisson regression for
Page 206 and 207: If enamel hypoplasia is present and
Page 208 and 209: Since maternal calcium levels were
Page 210 and 211: vitamin D deficiency, and rickets)
Page 212 and 213: to obtain it. Health literacy may b
Page 214 and 215: vitamin D from the diet as dietary
Page 216 and 217: home environment can be determinant
Page 218 and 219: hormone, calcium absorption and bon
Page 220 and 221: important nutrient. For many, this
Page 222 and 223: this potential relationship with ac
Page 224 and 225: genetic conditions, childhood medic
Page 226 and 227: vitamin D status including milk int
Page 228 and 229: y cariogenic oral flora. 49 Since e
Page 230 and 231: (49.8 ± 26.3 nmol/L vs. 45.1 ± 20
Page 232 and 233: pregnancy, which may have influence
Page 234 and 235: observed and it allowed multiple ou
Page 236 and 237: scientific evidence linking prenata
Page 238 and 239: cognizant that children who undergo
Page 240 and 241: preventive program would need to be
Page 242 and 243: makers in the formative stages. As
Page 244 and 245: Surprisingly, the final regression
Page 246 and 247: 13. First Nations IaMHCCPS. <strong
Page 250 and 251: 65. Li Y, Navia JM, Bian JY. Caries
Page 252 and 253: 91. Brownell MD, Guevremont A, Au W
Page 254 and 255: Chapter 7 - Conclusions This thesis
Page 256 and 257: This study provided an interesting
Page 258: esiding in disadvantaged communitie
Page 271 and 272: If you are taking vitamins during t
Page 273 and 274: Do you Eat? Never Rarely (less than
Page 275 and 276: What problems can early childhood c
Page 277 and 278: Prenatal Nutrition
Page 279 and 280: Did you ever add sugar to the bottl
Page 281 and 282: Enamel Hypoplasia Enamel Hypoplasia
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Influence of Maternal Prenatal Vitamin D Status on Infant Oral Health

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