Influence of Maternal Prenatal Vitamin D Status on Infant Oral Health

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D has an effect on the dentition, particularly in improving resistance to dental caries. While many <strong>of</strong> these studies would likely not be conducted today because <strong>of</strong> the ethical considerations <strong>of</strong> performing such studies with orphaned children residing in institutions we should not ignore these findings. Further, these early studies did not control for many other influencing factors like oral hygiene behaviours, socioeconomics, and access to dental care. Regardless, there is also sufficient evidence to show that the quality <strong>of</strong> enamel is influenced by vitamin D during periods <strong>of</strong> enamel formation. 91 The real curiosity is why much <strong>of</strong> this literature has been forgotten. It may be due to assumptions that the implementation <strong>of</strong> vitamin D fortified foods would solve the problem <strong>of</strong> caries or it could be that not including this literature into electronic search engines may have contributed to its loss. As early as 1936, the Medical Research Council <strong>of</strong> Great Britain stated that investigations into the role <strong>of</strong> vitamin D and caries should begin during the prenatal period and extend longitudinally into childhood and adolescence. 100 This review provides important evidence that good oral health outcomes may be achieved with optimizing vitamin D intakes and endogenous synthesis. Therefore, relationships between serum 25(OH)D levels during pregnancy and infant oral health are quite plausible and should be studied. 1.3-36
References 1. Norman AW, Bouillon R, Whiting SJ, Vieth R, Lips P. 13th Workshop consensus for vitamin D nutritional guidelines. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103(3- 5):204-205. 2. Whiting SJ, Calvo MS. Dietary recommendations for vitamin D: a critical need for functional end points to establish an estimated average requirement. J Nutr 2005; 135(2):304-309. 3. Mimouni F, Tsang R. <strong>Vitamin</strong> D. Annales Nestle 1995; 53:52-60. 4. Combs GF. <strong>Vitamin</strong> D. The vitamins: fundamental aspects in nutrition and health, 2 edn. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998:155-187. 5. Holick MF. <strong>Vitamin</strong> D: A millenium perspective. J Cell Biochem 2003; 88(2):296- 307. 6. Zittermann A. <strong>Vitamin</strong> D in preventive medicine: are we ignoring the evidence? Br J Nutr 2003; 89(5):552-572. 7. Haussler MR, Haussler CA, Jurutka PW, Thompson PD, Hsieh JC, Remus LS et al. The vitamin D hormone and its nuclear receptor: molecular actions and disease states. J Endocrinol 1997; 154 Suppl:S57-S73. 8. Calvo MS, Whiting SJ, Barton CN. <strong>Vitamin</strong> D fortification in the United States and Canada: current status and data needs. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80(6 Suppl):1710S- 1716S. 9. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Dietary Reference Intakes Food and Nutrition Board Institute <strong>of</strong> Medicine. <strong>Vitamin</strong> D. Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press, 1997:250-287. 10. Fraser DR. Biochemical and clinical aspects <strong>of</strong> vitamin D function. Br Med Bull 1981; 37(1):37-42. 11. Holick MF. <strong>Vitamin</strong> D Requirements for Humans <strong>of</strong> All Ages: New Increased Requirements for Women and Men 50 years and Older. Osteoporos Int 1998; 8(8):S24-S29. 12. McGrath J. Hypothesis: is low prenatal vitamin D a risk-modifying factor for schizophrenia? Schizophr Res 1999; 40(3):173-177. 13. Boucher BJ. Inadequate vitamin D status: does it contribute to the disorders comprising syndrome 'X'? Br J Nutr 1998; 79(4):315-327. 1.3-37
Page 1 and 2:
Influence
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Abstract Influence
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Acknowledgements This longitudinal
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Table of Contents
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Status and Non-<st
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Table 1.1-1 - Recent studies report
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Table 1.1-2 - Previous used terms f
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The Link Between Enamel Hypoplasia
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If enamel hypoplasia results from n
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malocclusions. 145 Additional human
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Daily intakes of v
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13. Milnes AR, Rubin CW, Karpa M, T
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40. Definition of
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71. Watt RG. From victim blaming to
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97. Fearne JM, Bryan EM, Elliman AM
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124. Burt BA, Pai S. Does low birth
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151. Tinanoff N, D
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Section 2 - Risk Factors for Enamel
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correspond to the timing of
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een published. 3,4,17,19 The intent
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Table 1.2-2 - Risk factors for DDE
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Opacity 51 Implicated Risk Developm
Page 45 and 46: Implicated Risk Factor Factors asso
Page 47 and 48: o Metabolic Abnormalities and Healt
Page 49 and 50: 12 months of life.
Page 51 and 52: Other Factors Some uncommon risk fa
Page 53 and 54: devastating problem of</str
Page 55: 13. An epidemiological index <stron
Page 58 and 59: 54. Seow WK, Perham S. Enamel hypop
Page 60 and 61: 82. Berdal A, Papagerakis P, Hotton
Page 62 and 63: Vitamin D may be d
Page 64 and 65: have been used to prof</str
Page 66 and 67: health’. In addition, articles we
Page 68 and 69: 36 month trial had ended. 45 The nu
Page 70 and 71: Recently, a cross-sectional study <
Page 72 and 73: andomized, placebo-controlled study
Page 74 and 75: Further, amelogenin and enamelin, p
Page 76 and 77: A study of Austral
Page 78 and 79: Both dietary interventions and supp
Page 80 and 81: incidence of carie
Page 82 and 83: important nutrient. However, many <
Page 84 and 85: caries, and more hardening
Page 86 and 87: controls. 106 Interestingly, childr
Page 88 and 89: A few years later, additional resea
Page 90 and 91: Delayed Tooth Eruption Vita
Page 92 and 93: Description of Pop
Page 94 and 95: Influence
Page 98 and 99: 14. Utiger RD. The need for more vi
Page 100 and 101: 42. Spiller WF, Jr. A clinical eval
Page 102 and 103: 67. Itota T, Tashiro Y, Torii Y, Ni
Page 104 and 105: 95. Bruszt P. Kariesuntersuchungen
Page 106 and 107: 121. Seow WK, Needleman HL, Holm IA
Page 108 and 109: Chapter 2 - Methods for a Prospecti
Page 110 and 111: Each participant also completed an
Page 112 and 113: Table 2.2 - Recognized case definit
Page 114 and 115: Population The target population fo
Page 116 and 117: allowed the project to suffer some
Page 118 and 119: women of limited m
Page 120 and 121: involving the surface of</s
Page 122 and 123: and training cup. In addition, each
Page 124 and 125: The questionnaire was administered
Page 126 and 127: statistics including frequencies an
Page 128 and 129: elationship between the two. Poisso
Page 130 and 131: References 1. Combs GF. Vit
Page 132 and 133: 27. Seow WK, Amaratunge A, Bennett
Page 134 and 135: Table 3.2 - Self-declared heritage
Page 136 and 137: Question Number Valid % Do you take
Page 138 and 139: Maternal Awareness
Page 140 and 141: time of recruitmen
Page 142 and 143: Table 3.6- Prenatal</strong
Page 144 and 145: A total of 77 care
Page 146 and 147:
indicated that they were receiving
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and 11 hypoplasia). DDEs were also
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Caries rates for children in this p
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Table 3.12 - Frequency of</
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Chapter 4 - Results: Associations <
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II. Relationship Between 25(OH)D Le
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Pregnancy & Health Prof</st
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The frequency of v
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did not (42.9 ± 21.2 nmol/L vs. 49
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Early Childhood Caries (ECC) Pr<str
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likely to have vitamin D levels at
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did not statistically differ from v
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Figure 4.4 - Predicted number <stro
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Table 4.7 - Relationship between ds
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frequently, and less likely to have
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health as average or poor, and more
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tail (p=.034) suggesting that early
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The next series of
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Results from the second model appea
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Table 5.6 - Multiple regression sta
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vitamin D. However, it did suggest
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significant at the bivariate level
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Table 5.12(a) - Logistic regression
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III. Multivariate Regression Analys
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Table 5.14 - Logistic regression fo
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Page 198 and 199:
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Table 5.19(b) - Backwards logistic
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Table 5.20(a) - Logistic regression
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Table 5.21 - Poisson regression for
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If enamel hypoplasia is present and
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Since maternal calcium levels were
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vitamin D deficiency, and rickets)
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to obtain it. Health literacy may b
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vitamin D from the diet as dietary
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home environment can be determinant
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hormone, calcium absorption and bon
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important nutrient. For many, this
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this potential relationship with ac
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genetic conditions, childhood medic
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vitamin D status including milk int
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y cariogenic oral flora. 49 Since e
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(49.8 ± 26.3 nmol/L vs. 45.1 ± 20
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pregnancy, which may have influence
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observed and it allowed multiple ou
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scientific evidence linking prenata
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cognizant that children who undergo
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preventive program would need to be
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makers in the formative stages. As
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Surprisingly, the final regression
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13. First Nations IaMHCCPS. <strong
Page 248 and 249:
38. Hollis BW. Circulating 25-hydro
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65. Li Y, Navia JM, Bian JY. Caries
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91. Brownell MD, Guevremont A, Au W
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Chapter 7 - Conclusions This thesis
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This study provided an interesting
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esiding in disadvantaged communitie
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If you are taking vitamins during t
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Do you Eat? Never Rarely (less than
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What problems can early childhood c
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Prenatal Nutrition
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Did you ever add sugar to the bottl
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Enamel Hypoplasia Enamel Hypoplasia
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Influence of Maternal Prenatal Vitamin D Status on Infant Oral Health

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