Influence of Maternal Prenatal Vitamin D Status on Infant Oral Health

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andomized, placebo-controlled study <strong>of</strong> adults who received multiple extractions and the placement <strong>of</strong> immediate dentures compared the mean amount <strong>of</strong> bone resorption between a group who received daily supplementation with calcium (750 mg) and vitamin D (375 IU) compared to a group receiving placebo. 59 There was significantly less total oral (36%), maxillary arch (34%) and mandibular arch (39%) bone loss among those benefiting from vitamin D and calcium during the one year follow-up period. 59 This study provides strong evidence <strong>of</strong> the protective effects <strong>of</strong> vitamin D and calcium supplementation against undesirable alveolar ridge resorption. Another randomized, placebo-controlled study evaluated the benefits <strong>of</strong> calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) on mandibular bone mass in a sample <strong>of</strong> postmenopausal women. 60 Women were randomized to receive either calcitriol or placebo daily over two years. For those in the calcitriol arm, the mean dosage was 0.43 ± .03 ug/day. 60 In addition, women took a multivitamin supplement containing 400 IU <strong>of</strong> vitamin and attained 1000 mg <strong>of</strong> calcium daily. 60 At the end <strong>of</strong> the study period, there was no significant difference in mandibular bone mass between the groups indicating that 1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol had little influence on maintaining bone. However, 83% increased or maintained bone mass in the mandible. 60 More recently, a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial <strong>of</strong> hormone replacement therapy (E/HRT) examined the influence on postcranial bone density and oral bone mass among postmenopausal women. 61 In addition to receiving either E/HRT or placebo, all women took calcium (1000 mg) and vitamin D 3 (800 IU) supplements on a daily basis during the 3 year study. 61 Although not designed to determine the influence <strong>of</strong> vitamin D on bone density and mass, this study concluded that there was a significant 1.3-12
increase in alveolar bone mass among the E/HRT group over controls. 61 However, even in the placebo group, where 800 IU <strong>of</strong> vitamin D 3 was administered daily, there were statistically significant increases in alveolar crestal height (3.5%) and alveolar bone mass (0.9%) over time. 61 A follow-up study invited all participants to continue participating for an additional two years. 62 Those women in the E/HRT arm <strong>of</strong> the original randomized study continued with the E/HRT regimen with calcium and vitamin D, while the control group who initially were only receiving vitamin D and calcium in the first three years took E/HRT. 62 At the completion <strong>of</strong> these two additional years <strong>of</strong> investigation, 26 women remained in the original E/HRT group while 21 were in the original control group that initially only benefited from vitamin D and calcium. 62 While logistic regression revealed that there were significant mandibular bone mass increases in both groups over the five year time span, there were no significant increases over these additional two study years. 62 Tooth Development Dental morphogenesis involves the development <strong>of</strong> the outer enamel structure that arises from enamel producing cells termed ameloblasts. Meanwhile, dentin tissue is produced by odontoblasts. Evidence <strong>of</strong> the role <strong>of</strong> vitamin D on the development <strong>of</strong> enamel and dentin is known as both ameloblasts and odontoblasts are target cells for 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D 3 . 63 The presence <strong>of</strong> VDR and calbindin-D28k in odontoblasts and ameloblasts implicates 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 2 as a regulator <strong>of</strong> dentin and enamel formation. 64 In addition, the presence <strong>of</strong> VDR at early stages <strong>of</strong> dental development also suggests that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 may exert control on tooth crown development. 64 1.3-13
Page 1 and 2:
Influence
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Abstract Influence
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Acknowledgements This longitudinal
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Table of Contents
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Status and Non-<st
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Table 1.1-1 - Recent studies report
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Table 1.1-2 - Previous used terms f
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The Link Between Enamel Hypoplasia
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If enamel hypoplasia results from n
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malocclusions. 145 Additional human
Page 21 and 22: Daily intakes of v
Page 23 and 24: 13. Milnes AR, Rubin CW, Karpa M, T
Page 25 and 26: 40. Definition of
Page 27 and 28: 71. Watt RG. From victim blaming to
Page 29 and 30: 97. Fearne JM, Bryan EM, Elliman AM
Page 31 and 32: 124. Burt BA, Pai S. Does low birth
Page 33 and 34: 151. Tinanoff N, D
Page 35 and 36: Section 2 - Risk Factors for Enamel
Page 37 and 38: correspond to the timing of
Page 39 and 40: een published. 3,4,17,19 The intent
Page 41 and 42: Table 1.2-2 - Risk factors for DDE
Page 43 and 44: Opacity 51 Implicated Risk Developm
Page 45 and 46: Implicated Risk Factor Factors asso
Page 47 and 48: o Metabolic Abnormalities and Healt
Page 49 and 50: 12 months of life.
Page 51 and 52: Other Factors Some uncommon risk fa
Page 53 and 54: devastating problem of</str
Page 55: 13. An epidemiological index <stron
Page 58 and 59: 54. Seow WK, Perham S. Enamel hypop
Page 60 and 61: 82. Berdal A, Papagerakis P, Hotton
Page 62 and 63: Vitamin D may be d
Page 64 and 65: have been used to prof</str
Page 66 and 67: health’. In addition, articles we
Page 68 and 69: 36 month trial had ended. 45 The nu
Page 70 and 71: Recently, a cross-sectional study <
Page 74 and 75: Further, amelogenin and enamelin, p
Page 76 and 77: A study of Austral
Page 78 and 79: Both dietary interventions and supp
Page 80 and 81: incidence of carie
Page 82 and 83: important nutrient. However, many <
Page 84 and 85: caries, and more hardening
Page 86 and 87: controls. 106 Interestingly, childr
Page 88 and 89: A few years later, additional resea
Page 90 and 91: Delayed Tooth Eruption Vita
Page 92 and 93: Description of Pop
Page 94 and 95: Influence
Page 96 and 97: D has an effect on the dentition, p
Page 98 and 99: 14. Utiger RD. The need for more vi
Page 100 and 101: 42. Spiller WF, Jr. A clinical eval
Page 102 and 103: 67. Itota T, Tashiro Y, Torii Y, Ni
Page 104 and 105: 95. Bruszt P. Kariesuntersuchungen
Page 106 and 107: 121. Seow WK, Needleman HL, Holm IA
Page 108 and 109: Chapter 2 - Methods for a Prospecti
Page 110 and 111: Each participant also completed an
Page 112 and 113: Table 2.2 - Recognized case definit
Page 114 and 115: Population The target population fo
Page 116 and 117: allowed the project to suffer some
Page 118 and 119: women of limited m
Page 120 and 121: involving the surface of</s
Page 122 and 123:
and training cup. In addition, each
Page 124 and 125:
The questionnaire was administered
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statistics including frequencies an
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elationship between the two. Poisso
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References 1. Combs GF. Vit
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27. Seow WK, Amaratunge A, Bennett
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Table 3.2 - Self-declared heritage
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Question Number Valid % Do you take
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Maternal Awareness
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time of recruitmen
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Table 3.6- Prenatal</strong
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A total of 77 care
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indicated that they were receiving
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and 11 hypoplasia). DDEs were also
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Caries rates for children in this p
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Table 3.12 - Frequency of</
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Chapter 4 - Results: Associations <
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II. Relationship Between 25(OH)D Le
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Pregnancy & Health Prof</st
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The frequency of v
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did not (42.9 ± 21.2 nmol/L vs. 49
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Early Childhood Caries (ECC) Pr<str
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likely to have vitamin D levels at
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did not statistically differ from v
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Figure 4.4 - Predicted number <stro
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Table 4.7 - Relationship between ds
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frequently, and less likely to have
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health as average or poor, and more
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tail (p=.034) suggesting that early
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The next series of
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Results from the second model appea
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Table 5.6 - Multiple regression sta
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vitamin D. However, it did suggest
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significant at the bivariate level
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Table 5.12(a) - Logistic regression
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III. Multivariate Regression Analys
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Table 5.14 - Logistic regression fo
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Page 198 and 199:
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Table 5.19(b) - Backwards logistic
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Table 5.20(a) - Logistic regression
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Table 5.21 - Poisson regression for
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If enamel hypoplasia is present and
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Since maternal calcium levels were
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vitamin D deficiency, and rickets)
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to obtain it. Health literacy may b
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vitamin D from the diet as dietary
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home environment can be determinant
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hormone, calcium absorption and bon
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important nutrient. For many, this
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this potential relationship with ac
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genetic conditions, childhood medic
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vitamin D status including milk int
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y cariogenic oral flora. 49 Since e
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(49.8 ± 26.3 nmol/L vs. 45.1 ± 20
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pregnancy, which may have influence
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observed and it allowed multiple ou
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scientific evidence linking prenata
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cognizant that children who undergo
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preventive program would need to be
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makers in the formative stages. As
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Surprisingly, the final regression
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13. First Nations IaMHCCPS. <strong
Page 248 and 249:
38. Hollis BW. Circulating 25-hydro
Page 250 and 251:
65. Li Y, Navia JM, Bian JY. Caries
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91. Brownell MD, Guevremont A, Au W
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Chapter 7 - Conclusions This thesis
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This study provided an interesting
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esiding in disadvantaged communitie
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If you are taking vitamins during t
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Do you Eat? Never Rarely (less than
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What problems can early childhood c
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Prenatal Nutrition
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Did you ever add sugar to the bottl
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Enamel Hypoplasia Enamel Hypoplasia
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Influence of Maternal Prenatal Vitamin D Status on Infant Oral Health

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