Influence of Maternal Prenatal Vitamin D Status on Infant Oral Health

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controls. 106 Interestingly, children who received quartz mercury light radiation appeared to have greater protection against caries than viosterol. 106 Another study involving American children, ranging in age from four to 16 years assigned individuals to seven distinct dietary groups, including good and poor diets, with and without vitamin D drops or irradiation. 107 The addition <strong>of</strong> viosterol or irradiation to a well balance diet did not have further benefit in lowering the incidence <strong>of</strong> caries, yet those on a poor diet who received viosterol drops had significantly fewer new lesions than children who had a poor diet and no supplementation. 107 The influence <strong>of</strong> irradiation on a poor diet, while beneficial, was not as pr<strong>of</strong>ound as the addition <strong>of</strong> viosterol. 107 Many more dental researchers also considered fortifying foods with vitamin D as a potential vehicle to prevent caries. For instance, the fortification <strong>of</strong> reconstituted milk with daily vitamin D in doses <strong>of</strong> 100 units, 150 units, and 300 units provided evidence <strong>of</strong> a distinct correlation between increasing dosages <strong>of</strong> vitamin D in milk and a reduction in percentage <strong>of</strong> carious tooth surfaces, 108 supporting the important influence <strong>of</strong> vitamin D in dental decay. A controlled clinical trial involving the administration <strong>of</strong> vitamin D drops to Canadian children ranging in age from two to 16 years was also conducted to substantiate the emerging evidence <strong>of</strong> the association between vitamin D and caries. 109 All children received good diets and spent considerable time outside daily. After one year, children were examined both clinically and radiographically with key findings that children who received the equivalent <strong>of</strong> eight drops <strong>of</strong> vitamin D (viosterol) daily, added to a cookie, had less progression <strong>of</strong> established caries lesions in primary teeth and fewer new caries lesions than unsupplemented controls. 109 Children in the vitamin D group also had fewer 1.3-26
new cavities in the permanent dentition and there were fewer lesions among newly erupted teeth in the group <strong>of</strong> children receiving additional vitamin D. 109 Overall, there were significantly lower mean number <strong>of</strong> new caries per child and significantly lower prevalence <strong>of</strong> new caries among children three to 10 years <strong>of</strong> age in the vitamin D group. 109 Likewise, there was a significantly lower mean number <strong>of</strong> new caries per tooth in both the primary and permanent dentitions among three to 10 year old children in the vitamin D group. 109 A small group <strong>of</strong> children in a hospital metabolism ward were exposed to several dietary regimens over seven months, some <strong>of</strong> which included vitamin D supplementation in the form <strong>of</strong> fortified milk or cod liver oil. 110 The addition <strong>of</strong> cod liver oil to the diets <strong>of</strong> children appeared to contribute to the arrest <strong>of</strong> dental caries in those with decay at the start <strong>of</strong> the observation period and appeared to be the predominant factor in the diet influencing caries. 110 A series <strong>of</strong> investigations on the administration <strong>of</strong> vitamin D to children six to 14 years <strong>of</strong> age were conducted over a span <strong>of</strong> four years. 111 In the first year, those benefiting from the addition <strong>of</strong> cod liver oil (800 USP units vitamin D) had a lower incidence <strong>of</strong> caries. 111 During the second year, twice weekly skin exposure to ultraviolet light from a quartz mercury lamp appeared to have a similar effect as cod liver oil on reducing the number <strong>of</strong> new decayed surfaces. 111 The third study tested a larger dose <strong>of</strong> viosterol and ultraviolet lamp exposure, but found that they were not superior to cod liver oil in preventing new decay. 111 The final study examined the benefits <strong>of</strong> adding vitamin D from animal source in doses <strong>of</strong> 250 U, 400 U, and 800 U, to milk and concluded that increasing concentrations were correlated with a progressive reduction in caries rates. 111 1.3-27
Page 1 and 2:
Influence
Page 3 and 4:
Abstract Influence
Page 5 and 6:
Acknowledgements This longitudinal
Page 7 and 8:
Table of Contents
Page 9 and 10:
Status and Non-<st
Page 11 and 12:
Table 1.1-1 - Recent studies report
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Table 1.1-2 - Previous used terms f
Page 15 and 16:
The Link Between Enamel Hypoplasia
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If enamel hypoplasia results from n
Page 19 and 20:
malocclusions. 145 Additional human
Page 21 and 22:
Daily intakes of v
Page 23 and 24:
13. Milnes AR, Rubin CW, Karpa M, T
Page 25 and 26:
40. Definition of
Page 27 and 28:
71. Watt RG. From victim blaming to
Page 29 and 30:
97. Fearne JM, Bryan EM, Elliman AM
Page 31 and 32:
124. Burt BA, Pai S. Does low birth
Page 33 and 34:
151. Tinanoff N, D
Page 35 and 36: Section 2 - Risk Factors for Enamel
Page 37 and 38: correspond to the timing of
Page 39 and 40: een published. 3,4,17,19 The intent
Page 41 and 42: Table 1.2-2 - Risk factors for DDE
Page 43 and 44: Opacity 51 Implicated Risk Developm
Page 45 and 46: Implicated Risk Factor Factors asso
Page 47 and 48: o Metabolic Abnormalities and Healt
Page 49 and 50: 12 months of life.
Page 51 and 52: Other Factors Some uncommon risk fa
Page 53 and 54: devastating problem of</str
Page 55: 13. An epidemiological index <stron
Page 58 and 59: 54. Seow WK, Perham S. Enamel hypop
Page 60 and 61: 82. Berdal A, Papagerakis P, Hotton
Page 62 and 63: Vitamin D may be d
Page 64 and 65: have been used to prof</str
Page 66 and 67: health’. In addition, articles we
Page 68 and 69: 36 month trial had ended. 45 The nu
Page 70 and 71: Recently, a cross-sectional study <
Page 72 and 73: andomized, placebo-controlled study
Page 74 and 75: Further, amelogenin and enamelin, p
Page 76 and 77: A study of Austral
Page 78 and 79: Both dietary interventions and supp
Page 80 and 81: incidence of carie
Page 82 and 83: important nutrient. However, many <
Page 84 and 85: caries, and more hardening
Page 88 and 89: A few years later, additional resea
Page 90 and 91: Delayed Tooth Eruption Vita
Page 92 and 93: Description of Pop
Page 94 and 95: Influence
Page 96 and 97: D has an effect on the dentition, p
Page 98 and 99: 14. Utiger RD. The need for more vi
Page 100 and 101: 42. Spiller WF, Jr. A clinical eval
Page 102 and 103: 67. Itota T, Tashiro Y, Torii Y, Ni
Page 104 and 105: 95. Bruszt P. Kariesuntersuchungen
Page 106 and 107: 121. Seow WK, Needleman HL, Holm IA
Page 108 and 109: Chapter 2 - Methods for a Prospecti
Page 110 and 111: Each participant also completed an
Page 112 and 113: Table 2.2 - Recognized case definit
Page 114 and 115: Population The target population fo
Page 116 and 117: allowed the project to suffer some
Page 118 and 119: women of limited m
Page 120 and 121: involving the surface of</s
Page 122 and 123: and training cup. In addition, each
Page 124 and 125: The questionnaire was administered
Page 126 and 127: statistics including frequencies an
Page 128 and 129: elationship between the two. Poisso
Page 130 and 131: References 1. Combs GF. Vit
Page 132 and 133: 27. Seow WK, Amaratunge A, Bennett
Page 134 and 135: Table 3.2 - Self-declared heritage
Page 136 and 137:
Question Number Valid % Do you take
Page 138 and 139:
Maternal Awareness
Page 140 and 141:
time of recruitmen
Page 142 and 143:
Table 3.6- Prenatal</strong
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A total of 77 care
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indicated that they were receiving
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and 11 hypoplasia). DDEs were also
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Caries rates for children in this p
Page 152 and 153:
Table 3.12 - Frequency of</
Page 154 and 155:
Chapter 4 - Results: Associations <
Page 156 and 157:
II. Relationship Between 25(OH)D Le
Page 158 and 159:
Pregnancy & Health Prof</st
Page 160 and 161:
The frequency of v
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did not (42.9 ± 21.2 nmol/L vs. 49
Page 164 and 165:
Early Childhood Caries (ECC) Pr<str
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likely to have vitamin D levels at
Page 168 and 169:
did not statistically differ from v
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Figure 4.4 - Predicted number <stro
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Table 4.7 - Relationship between ds
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frequently, and less likely to have
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health as average or poor, and more
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tail (p=.034) suggesting that early
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The next series of
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Results from the second model appea
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Table 5.6 - Multiple regression sta
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vitamin D. However, it did suggest
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significant at the bivariate level
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Table 5.12(a) - Logistic regression
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III. Multivariate Regression Analys
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Table 5.14 - Logistic regression fo
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Table 5.19(b) - Backwards logistic
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Table 5.20(a) - Logistic regression
Page 204 and 205:
Table 5.21 - Poisson regression for
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If enamel hypoplasia is present and
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Since maternal calcium levels were
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vitamin D deficiency, and rickets)
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to obtain it. Health literacy may b
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vitamin D from the diet as dietary
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home environment can be determinant
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hormone, calcium absorption and bon
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important nutrient. For many, this
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this potential relationship with ac
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genetic conditions, childhood medic
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vitamin D status including milk int
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y cariogenic oral flora. 49 Since e
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(49.8 ± 26.3 nmol/L vs. 45.1 ± 20
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pregnancy, which may have influence
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observed and it allowed multiple ou
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scientific evidence linking prenata
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cognizant that children who undergo
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preventive program would need to be
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makers in the formative stages. As
Page 244 and 245:
Surprisingly, the final regression
Page 246 and 247:
13. First Nations IaMHCCPS. <strong
Page 248 and 249:
38. Hollis BW. Circulating 25-hydro
Page 250 and 251:
65. Li Y, Navia JM, Bian JY. Caries
Page 252 and 253:
91. Brownell MD, Guevremont A, Au W
Page 254 and 255:
Chapter 7 - Conclusions This thesis
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This study provided an interesting
Page 258:
esiding in disadvantaged communitie
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If you are taking vitamins during t
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Do you Eat? Never Rarely (less than
Page 275 and 276:
What problems can early childhood c
Page 277 and 278:
Prenatal Nutrition
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Did you ever add sugar to the bottl
Page 281 and 282:
Enamel Hypoplasia Enamel Hypoplasia
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Influence of Maternal Prenatal Vitamin D Status on Infant Oral Health

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