Influence of Maternal Prenatal Vitamin D Status on Infant Oral Health

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<strong>Maternal</strong> Awareness <strong>of</strong> Early Childhood Caries When asked, 77.2% <strong>of</strong> women indicated that they had heard <strong>of</strong> Early Childhood Caries (ECC) or its antecedent terms “baby-bottle tooth decay”, “nursing caries”, or “tooth rot”. Forty-eight women (23.5%) thought that ECC was a normal part <strong>of</strong> childhood while another 36 participants (17.7%) were uncertain. Among those with children, 32.9% (23) indicated that some <strong>of</strong> their children had experienced ECC, while 65.9% (135) <strong>of</strong> the entire maternal cohort knew children who had suffered from ECC. Further, 23.9% <strong>of</strong> women with children (17/71) indicated a child <strong>of</strong> theirs required dental surgery under general anesthesia. Surprisingly, 88.4% thought ECC could be prevented. When women were asked when children should see the dentist for the first time only 6.8% responded by the eruption <strong>of</strong> the first primary tooth, which coincides with current pr<strong>of</strong>essional recommendations. However, 48.3% indicated that this should occur while the child was one year <strong>of</strong> age (12-23 months). <strong>Maternal</strong> Oral Health Enrolled participants were asked a select group <strong>of</strong> questions relating to maternal oral health since dental examinations <strong>of</strong> mothers were not part <strong>of</strong> the planned research protocol. Most women (90.3%) reported that they believed their dental health was important during pregnancy. Unfortunately, only 38.5% rated their own current dental health to be good. The majority <strong>of</strong> participants indicated that they had been to the dentist within the last year (71.4%), while another 14.1% indicated that their last dental appointment was in the past two years. Among those who had never been to the dentist or who had not been seen in the last two years, 21.4% indicated that it was due to a lack <strong>of</strong> 3-6
finances or lack <strong>of</strong> dental insurance while another 17.9% were either afraid <strong>of</strong> the dentist or had past bad dental experiences. In general, 73.3% reported that they usually visited their dentist at least once per year. When asked if they had any existing dental concerns 36.1% (73/202) reported that they currently had dental problems. Forty-two participants indicated that they had cavities, 19 reported bleeding gums, and another 18 were experiencing dental pain. <strong>Maternal</strong> Sun Exposure The prenatal interview included questions relating to sun exposure. Nearly all respondents (91.8%) indicated that they liked to spend time outdoors during the summer, while 78.1% indicated they enjoyed being outside in the sunshine. The majority <strong>of</strong> participants replied that when outside, their average duration outdoors was one to four hours (62.1%). Early afternoon and late afternoon were the times <strong>of</strong> day most women spent outdoors. Nearly two-thirds (64.6%) reported that they felt healthier or better after spending time outside, but only 27.0% (55/204) said they would spend more time outdoors than usual if pregnant during the summer period. Family and Financial Pr<strong>of</strong>ile The final section <strong>of</strong> the questionnaire dealt with family and financial information relating to the participant. The majority <strong>of</strong> women identified themselves as being single (62.6%), 3.4% were married, and another 33.0% indicated that they were in common-law relationships. The average number <strong>of</strong> individuals residing in the participant’s home at the 3-7
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Influence
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Abstract Influence
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Acknowledgements This longitudinal
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Table of Contents
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Status and Non-<st
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Table 1.1-1 - Recent studies report
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Table 1.1-2 - Previous used terms f
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The Link Between Enamel Hypoplasia
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If enamel hypoplasia results from n
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malocclusions. 145 Additional human
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Daily intakes of v
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13. Milnes AR, Rubin CW, Karpa M, T
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40. Definition of
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71. Watt RG. From victim blaming to
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97. Fearne JM, Bryan EM, Elliman AM
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124. Burt BA, Pai S. Does low birth
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151. Tinanoff N, D
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Section 2 - Risk Factors for Enamel
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correspond to the timing of
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een published. 3,4,17,19 The intent
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Table 1.2-2 - Risk factors for DDE
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Opacity 51 Implicated Risk Developm
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Implicated Risk Factor Factors asso
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o Metabolic Abnormalities and Healt
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12 months of life.
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Other Factors Some uncommon risk fa
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devastating problem of</str
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13. An epidemiological index <stron
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54. Seow WK, Perham S. Enamel hypop
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82. Berdal A, Papagerakis P, Hotton
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Vitamin D may be d
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have been used to prof</str
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health’. In addition, articles we
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36 month trial had ended. 45 The nu
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Recently, a cross-sectional study <
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andomized, placebo-controlled study
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Further, amelogenin and enamelin, p
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A study of Austral
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Both dietary interventions and supp
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incidence of carie
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important nutrient. However, many <
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caries, and more hardening
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controls. 106 Interestingly, childr
Page 88 and 89: A few years later, additional resea
Page 90 and 91: Delayed Tooth Eruption Vita
Page 92 and 93: Description of Pop
Page 94 and 95: Influence
Page 96 and 97: D has an effect on the dentition, p
Page 98 and 99: 14. Utiger RD. The need for more vi
Page 100 and 101: 42. Spiller WF, Jr. A clinical eval
Page 102 and 103: 67. Itota T, Tashiro Y, Torii Y, Ni
Page 104 and 105: 95. Bruszt P. Kariesuntersuchungen
Page 106 and 107: 121. Seow WK, Needleman HL, Holm IA
Page 108 and 109: Chapter 2 - Methods for a Prospecti
Page 110 and 111: Each participant also completed an
Page 112 and 113: Table 2.2 - Recognized case definit
Page 114 and 115: Population The target population fo
Page 116 and 117: allowed the project to suffer some
Page 118 and 119: women of limited m
Page 120 and 121: involving the surface of</s
Page 122 and 123: and training cup. In addition, each
Page 124 and 125: The questionnaire was administered
Page 126 and 127: statistics including frequencies an
Page 128 and 129: elationship between the two. Poisso
Page 130 and 131: References 1. Combs GF. Vit
Page 132 and 133: 27. Seow WK, Amaratunge A, Bennett
Page 134 and 135: Table 3.2 - Self-declared heritage
Page 136 and 137: Question Number Valid % Do you take
Page 140 and 141: time of recruitmen
Page 142 and 143: Table 3.6- Prenatal</strong
Page 144 and 145: A total of 77 care
Page 146 and 147: indicated that they were receiving
Page 148 and 149: and 11 hypoplasia). DDEs were also
Page 150 and 151: Caries rates for children in this p
Page 152 and 153: Table 3.12 - Frequency of</
Page 154 and 155: Chapter 4 - Results: Associations <
Page 156 and 157: II. Relationship Between 25(OH)D Le
Page 158 and 159: Pregnancy & Health Prof</st
Page 160 and 161: The frequency of v
Page 162 and 163: did not (42.9 ± 21.2 nmol/L vs. 49
Page 164 and 165: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) Pr<str
Page 166 and 167: likely to have vitamin D levels at
Page 168 and 169: did not statistically differ from v
Page 170 and 171: Figure 4.4 - Predicted number <stro
Page 172 and 173: Table 4.7 - Relationship between ds
Page 174 and 175: frequently, and less likely to have
Page 176 and 177: health as average or poor, and more
Page 178 and 179: tail (p=.034) suggesting that early
Page 180 and 181: The next series of
Page 182 and 183: Results from the second model appea
Page 184 and 185: Table 5.6 - Multiple regression sta
Page 186 and 187: vitamin D. However, it did suggest
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significant at the bivariate level
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Table 5.12(a) - Logistic regression
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III. Multivariate Regression Analys
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Table 5.14 - Logistic regression fo
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Table 5.19(b) - Backwards logistic
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Table 5.20(a) - Logistic regression
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Table 5.21 - Poisson regression for
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If enamel hypoplasia is present and
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Since maternal calcium levels were
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vitamin D deficiency, and rickets)
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to obtain it. Health literacy may b
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vitamin D from the diet as dietary
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home environment can be determinant
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hormone, calcium absorption and bon
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important nutrient. For many, this
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this potential relationship with ac
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genetic conditions, childhood medic
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vitamin D status including milk int
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y cariogenic oral flora. 49 Since e
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(49.8 ± 26.3 nmol/L vs. 45.1 ± 20
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pregnancy, which may have influence
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observed and it allowed multiple ou
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scientific evidence linking prenata
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cognizant that children who undergo
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preventive program would need to be
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makers in the formative stages. As
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Surprisingly, the final regression
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13. First Nations IaMHCCPS. <strong
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38. Hollis BW. Circulating 25-hydro
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65. Li Y, Navia JM, Bian JY. Caries
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91. Brownell MD, Guevremont A, Au W
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Chapter 7 - Conclusions This thesis
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This study provided an interesting
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esiding in disadvantaged communitie
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If you are taking vitamins during t
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Do you Eat? Never Rarely (less than
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What problems can early childhood c
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Prenatal Nutrition
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Did you ever add sugar to the bottl
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Enamel Hypoplasia Enamel Hypoplasia
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Influence of Maternal Prenatal Vitamin D Status on Infant Oral Health

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