Influence of Maternal Prenatal Vitamin D Status on Infant Oral Health

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have been used to pr<strong>of</strong>ile vitamin D status including assaying serum concentrations <strong>of</strong> 25(OH)D, taking dietary histories and food frequency questionnaires (FFQ), and assessments <strong>of</strong> intake <strong>of</strong> vitamin supplements. Others recommend concomitant measurement <strong>of</strong> other serum metabolites to assist in pr<strong>of</strong>iling vitamin D adequacy, including parathyroid hormone (PTH). The inverse relationship between PTH and 25(OH)D 9,26 also indicates that PTH may be an appropriate indicator <strong>of</strong> vitamin D sufficiency. Nonetheless, the most reliable method to determine vitamin D status is still the simple serum assay. Although there is variation in laboratory methodologies such as radioimmunoassay (RIA) or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for measuring and reporting 25(OH)D, such assays are accepted for investigative studies. 16,19 The lower limit <strong>of</strong> normal for serum 25(OH)D is controversial, with suggested values in the literature ranging from 15 to 40 nmol/L. 6,24,27-33 25(OH)D concentrations
Figure 1.3-2 – Schematic representation <strong>of</strong> three dramatic shifts that have taken place in vitamin D nutrition (from Whiting, S. J. et al. J. Nutr. 2006;136:1114-1116) 35 Figure 1.3-3 – Relationship between serum 25(OH)D levels and vitamin D status (Whiting, S. J. et al. J. Nutr. 2005;135:304-309) 2 The remainder <strong>of</strong> this chapter examines the published literature on the relationship between vitamin D and oral health in humans. While it is not an exhaustive systematic review it presents information to substantiate the role <strong>of</strong> vitamin D in the maintenance <strong>of</strong> good oral health in children and adults. Literature was identified through a search <strong>of</strong> the Medline electronic database using key terms <strong>of</strong> ‘vitamin D’ and ‘oral 1.3-5
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Influence
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Abstract Influence
Page 5 and 6:
Acknowledgements This longitudinal
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Table of Contents
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Status and Non-<st
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Table 1.1-1 - Recent studies report
Page 13 and 14: Table 1.1-2 - Previous used terms f
Page 15 and 16: The Link Between Enamel Hypoplasia
Page 17 and 18: If enamel hypoplasia results from n
Page 19 and 20: malocclusions. 145 Additional human
Page 21 and 22: Daily intakes of v
Page 23 and 24: 13. Milnes AR, Rubin CW, Karpa M, T
Page 25 and 26: 40. Definition of
Page 27 and 28: 71. Watt RG. From victim blaming to
Page 29 and 30: 97. Fearne JM, Bryan EM, Elliman AM
Page 31 and 32: 124. Burt BA, Pai S. Does low birth
Page 33 and 34: 151. Tinanoff N, D
Page 35 and 36: Section 2 - Risk Factors for Enamel
Page 37 and 38: correspond to the timing of
Page 39 and 40: een published. 3,4,17,19 The intent
Page 41 and 42: Table 1.2-2 - Risk factors for DDE
Page 43 and 44: Opacity 51 Implicated Risk Developm
Page 45 and 46: Implicated Risk Factor Factors asso
Page 47 and 48: o Metabolic Abnormalities and Healt
Page 49 and 50: 12 months of life.
Page 51 and 52: Other Factors Some uncommon risk fa
Page 53 and 54: devastating problem of</str
Page 55: 13. An epidemiological index <stron
Page 58 and 59: 54. Seow WK, Perham S. Enamel hypop
Page 60 and 61: 82. Berdal A, Papagerakis P, Hotton
Page 62 and 63: Vitamin D may be d
Page 66 and 67: health’. In addition, articles we
Page 68 and 69: 36 month trial had ended. 45 The nu
Page 70 and 71: Recently, a cross-sectional study <
Page 72 and 73: andomized, placebo-controlled study
Page 74 and 75: Further, amelogenin and enamelin, p
Page 76 and 77: A study of Austral
Page 78 and 79: Both dietary interventions and supp
Page 80 and 81: incidence of carie
Page 82 and 83: important nutrient. However, many <
Page 84 and 85: caries, and more hardening
Page 86 and 87: controls. 106 Interestingly, childr
Page 88 and 89: A few years later, additional resea
Page 90 and 91: Delayed Tooth Eruption Vita
Page 92 and 93: Description of Pop
Page 94 and 95: Influence
Page 96 and 97: D has an effect on the dentition, p
Page 98 and 99: 14. Utiger RD. The need for more vi
Page 100 and 101: 42. Spiller WF, Jr. A clinical eval
Page 102 and 103: 67. Itota T, Tashiro Y, Torii Y, Ni
Page 104 and 105: 95. Bruszt P. Kariesuntersuchungen
Page 106 and 107: 121. Seow WK, Needleman HL, Holm IA
Page 108 and 109: Chapter 2 - Methods for a Prospecti
Page 110 and 111: Each participant also completed an
Page 112 and 113: Table 2.2 - Recognized case definit
Page 114 and 115:
Population The target population fo
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allowed the project to suffer some
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women of limited m
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involving the surface of</s
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and training cup. In addition, each
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The questionnaire was administered
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statistics including frequencies an
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elationship between the two. Poisso
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References 1. Combs GF. Vit
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27. Seow WK, Amaratunge A, Bennett
Page 134 and 135:
Table 3.2 - Self-declared heritage
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Question Number Valid % Do you take
Page 138 and 139:
Maternal Awareness
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time of recruitmen
Page 142 and 143:
Table 3.6- Prenatal</strong
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A total of 77 care
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indicated that they were receiving
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and 11 hypoplasia). DDEs were also
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Caries rates for children in this p
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Table 3.12 - Frequency of</
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Chapter 4 - Results: Associations <
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II. Relationship Between 25(OH)D Le
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Pregnancy & Health Prof</st
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The frequency of v
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did not (42.9 ± 21.2 nmol/L vs. 49
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Early Childhood Caries (ECC) Pr<str
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likely to have vitamin D levels at
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did not statistically differ from v
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Figure 4.4 - Predicted number <stro
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Table 4.7 - Relationship between ds
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frequently, and less likely to have
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health as average or poor, and more
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tail (p=.034) suggesting that early
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The next series of
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Results from the second model appea
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Table 5.6 - Multiple regression sta
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vitamin D. However, it did suggest
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significant at the bivariate level
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Table 5.12(a) - Logistic regression
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III. Multivariate Regression Analys
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Table 5.14 - Logistic regression fo
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
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Table 5.19(b) - Backwards logistic
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Table 5.20(a) - Logistic regression
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Table 5.21 - Poisson regression for
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If enamel hypoplasia is present and
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Since maternal calcium levels were
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vitamin D deficiency, and rickets)
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to obtain it. Health literacy may b
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vitamin D from the diet as dietary
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home environment can be determinant
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hormone, calcium absorption and bon
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important nutrient. For many, this
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this potential relationship with ac
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genetic conditions, childhood medic
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vitamin D status including milk int
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y cariogenic oral flora. 49 Since e
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(49.8 ± 26.3 nmol/L vs. 45.1 ± 20
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pregnancy, which may have influence
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observed and it allowed multiple ou
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scientific evidence linking prenata
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cognizant that children who undergo
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preventive program would need to be
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makers in the formative stages. As
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Surprisingly, the final regression
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13. First Nations IaMHCCPS. <strong
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38. Hollis BW. Circulating 25-hydro
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65. Li Y, Navia JM, Bian JY. Caries
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91. Brownell MD, Guevremont A, Au W
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Chapter 7 - Conclusions This thesis
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This study provided an interesting
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esiding in disadvantaged communitie
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If you are taking vitamins during t
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Do you Eat? Never Rarely (less than
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What problems can early childhood c
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Prenatal Nutrition
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Did you ever add sugar to the bottl
Page 281 and 282:
Enamel Hypoplasia Enamel Hypoplasia
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Influence of Maternal Prenatal Vitamin D Status on Infant Oral Health

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