Influence of Maternal Prenatal Vitamin D Status on Infant Oral Health

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27. Seow WK, Amaratunge A, Bennett R, Bronsch D, Lai PY. Dental health <strong>of</strong> aboriginal pre-school children in Brisbane, Australia. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1996; 24(3):187-190. 28. Diagnostic Services <strong>of</strong> Manitoba. Change <strong>of</strong> (25-hydroxy) vitamin D reference values. Diagnostic Services <strong>of</strong> Manitoba , 1. 2007. Ref Type: Electronic Citation 29. Healthy Child Manitoba. Healthy Baby. Healthy Child Manitoba . 2009. Healthy Child Manitoba. Ref Type: Electronic Citation 30. Willett WC, Stampfer MJ. Clinical practice. What vitamins should I be taking, doctor? N Engl J Med 2001; 345(25):1819-1824. 31. Haworth JC, Dilling LA. <strong>Vitamin</strong>-D-deficient rickets in Manitoba, 1972-84. CMAJ 1986; 134(3):237-241. 32. American Dietetic Association & Dieticians <strong>of</strong> Canada. Manual <strong>of</strong> clinical dietetics, 6th ed. Chicago: 2000. 33. Hollis BW, Wagner CL. Assessment <strong>of</strong> dietary vitamin D requirements during pregnancy and lactation. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79(5):717-726. 34. Whiting SJ, Calvo MS. Dietary recommendations for vitamin D: a critical need for functional end points to establish an estimated average requirement. J Nutr 2005; 135(2):304-309. 35. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Dietary Reference Intakes Food and Nutrition Board Institute <strong>of</strong> Medicine. <strong>Vitamin</strong> D. Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press, 1997:250-287. 36. Vieth R. Why the optimal requirement for <strong>Vitamin</strong> D3 is probably much higher than what is <strong>of</strong>ficially recommended for adults. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 89-90(1-5):575-579. 37. Definition <strong>of</strong> early childhood caries (ECC0. Pediatr Dent 2005; 27(7 Reference Manual):13. 38. Delgado H, Habicht JP, Yarbrough C, Lechtig A, Martorell R, Malina RM et al. Nutritional status and the timing <strong>of</strong> deciduous tooth eruption. Am J Clin Nutr 1975; 28(3):216-224. 2-25
Chapter 3 – Descriptive Results A total <strong>of</strong> 207 women were enrolled into this study between 2002 and 2005 (Table 3.1), from the three clinic sites. The majority <strong>of</strong> research participants were enrolled from the Women’s OPD at the Health Sciences Centre (HSC). Table 3.1 – Distribution <strong>of</strong> participants recruited during pregnancy Clinic Number % Women’s Out Patient Department (OPD) 170 82.1 Health Sciences Centre Health Action Centre 24 11.6 Mount Carmel Clinic 13 6.3 Total 207 100.0 Demographic Information The mean age <strong>of</strong> women at the time <strong>of</strong> enrollment in this study was 19.0 ± 4.7 years and ranged from 14 to 37 years. The average age <strong>of</strong> participants enrolled at Health Action Centre was 22.8 ± 4.8 years, 21.9 ± 4.6 at Mount Carmel Clinic, and 17.7 ± 4.2 years at Women’s Hospital, Health Sciences Centre. Participants enrolled at the Women’s Hospital clinic site were significantly younger than women enrolled at the other sites (p
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Influence
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Abstract Influence
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Acknowledgements This longitudinal
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Table of Contents
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Status and Non-<st
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Table 1.1-1 - Recent studies report
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Table 1.1-2 - Previous used terms f
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The Link Between Enamel Hypoplasia
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If enamel hypoplasia results from n
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malocclusions. 145 Additional human
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Daily intakes of v
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13. Milnes AR, Rubin CW, Karpa M, T
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40. Definition of
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71. Watt RG. From victim blaming to
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97. Fearne JM, Bryan EM, Elliman AM
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124. Burt BA, Pai S. Does low birth
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151. Tinanoff N, D
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Section 2 - Risk Factors for Enamel
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correspond to the timing of
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een published. 3,4,17,19 The intent
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Table 1.2-2 - Risk factors for DDE
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Opacity 51 Implicated Risk Developm
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Implicated Risk Factor Factors asso
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o Metabolic Abnormalities and Healt
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12 months of life.
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Other Factors Some uncommon risk fa
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devastating problem of</str
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13. An epidemiological index <stron
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54. Seow WK, Perham S. Enamel hypop
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82. Berdal A, Papagerakis P, Hotton
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Vitamin D may be d
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have been used to prof</str
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health’. In addition, articles we
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36 month trial had ended. 45 The nu
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Recently, a cross-sectional study <
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andomized, placebo-controlled study
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Further, amelogenin and enamelin, p
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A study of Austral
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Both dietary interventions and supp
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incidence of carie
Page 82 and 83: important nutrient. However, many <
Page 84 and 85: caries, and more hardening
Page 86 and 87: controls. 106 Interestingly, childr
Page 88 and 89: A few years later, additional resea
Page 90 and 91: Delayed Tooth Eruption Vita
Page 92 and 93: Description of Pop
Page 94 and 95: Influence
Page 96 and 97: D has an effect on the dentition, p
Page 98 and 99: 14. Utiger RD. The need for more vi
Page 100 and 101: 42. Spiller WF, Jr. A clinical eval
Page 102 and 103: 67. Itota T, Tashiro Y, Torii Y, Ni
Page 104 and 105: 95. Bruszt P. Kariesuntersuchungen
Page 106 and 107: 121. Seow WK, Needleman HL, Holm IA
Page 108 and 109: Chapter 2 - Methods for a Prospecti
Page 110 and 111: Each participant also completed an
Page 112 and 113: Table 2.2 - Recognized case definit
Page 114 and 115: Population The target population fo
Page 116 and 117: allowed the project to suffer some
Page 118 and 119: women of limited m
Page 120 and 121: involving the surface of</s
Page 122 and 123: and training cup. In addition, each
Page 124 and 125: The questionnaire was administered
Page 126 and 127: statistics including frequencies an
Page 128 and 129: elationship between the two. Poisso
Page 130 and 131: References 1. Combs GF. Vit
Page 134 and 135: Table 3.2 - Self-declared heritage
Page 136 and 137: Question Number Valid % Do you take
Page 138 and 139: Maternal Awareness
Page 140 and 141: time of recruitmen
Page 142 and 143: Table 3.6- Prenatal</strong
Page 144 and 145: A total of 77 care
Page 146 and 147: indicated that they were receiving
Page 148 and 149: and 11 hypoplasia). DDEs were also
Page 150 and 151: Caries rates for children in this p
Page 152 and 153: Table 3.12 - Frequency of</
Page 154 and 155: Chapter 4 - Results: Associations <
Page 156 and 157: II. Relationship Between 25(OH)D Le
Page 158 and 159: Pregnancy & Health Prof</st
Page 160 and 161: The frequency of v
Page 162 and 163: did not (42.9 ± 21.2 nmol/L vs. 49
Page 164 and 165: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) Pr<str
Page 166 and 167: likely to have vitamin D levels at
Page 168 and 169: did not statistically differ from v
Page 170 and 171: Figure 4.4 - Predicted number <stro
Page 172 and 173: Table 4.7 - Relationship between ds
Page 174 and 175: frequently, and less likely to have
Page 176 and 177: health as average or poor, and more
Page 178 and 179: tail (p=.034) suggesting that early
Page 180 and 181: The next series of
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Results from the second model appea
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Table 5.6 - Multiple regression sta
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vitamin D. However, it did suggest
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significant at the bivariate level
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Table 5.12(a) - Logistic regression
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III. Multivariate Regression Analys
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Table 5.14 - Logistic regression fo
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Table 5.19(b) - Backwards logistic
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Table 5.20(a) - Logistic regression
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Table 5.21 - Poisson regression for
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If enamel hypoplasia is present and
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Since maternal calcium levels were
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vitamin D deficiency, and rickets)
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to obtain it. Health literacy may b
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vitamin D from the diet as dietary
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home environment can be determinant
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hormone, calcium absorption and bon
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important nutrient. For many, this
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this potential relationship with ac
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genetic conditions, childhood medic
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vitamin D status including milk int
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y cariogenic oral flora. 49 Since e
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(49.8 ± 26.3 nmol/L vs. 45.1 ± 20
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pregnancy, which may have influence
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observed and it allowed multiple ou
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scientific evidence linking prenata
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cognizant that children who undergo
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preventive program would need to be
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makers in the formative stages. As
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Surprisingly, the final regression
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13. First Nations IaMHCCPS. <strong
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38. Hollis BW. Circulating 25-hydro
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65. Li Y, Navia JM, Bian JY. Caries
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91. Brownell MD, Guevremont A, Au W
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Chapter 7 - Conclusions This thesis
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This study provided an interesting
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esiding in disadvantaged communitie
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If you are taking vitamins during t
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Do you Eat? Never Rarely (less than
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What problems can early childhood c
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Prenatal Nutrition
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Did you ever add sugar to the bottl
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Enamel Hypoplasia Enamel Hypoplasia
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