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accompanied by djembe drumming. Once the music drew in a large enough audience (usually 50 people or more), the lead facilitator signaled for the performers to begin. Other performances took place at schools or during community events and the audience came specifically to see the performance. The program also used the Forum Theater method, in which facilitated discussions take place during and throughout the performance. The women performed a play in which a character is oppressed in a situation that would be familiar to the audience. After playing it once, the actors began the play again and, at any point during this second performance, any audience member could call out "stop!" and take the place of the actor playing the oppressed character. The audience member then attempted to change the situation, while the performers playing the oppressors improvised to attempt to bring the production to its original ending. If this audience member failed to change the situation, the performer resumed her role and continued until another audience member called out "stop!" and tried a different intervention. The audience members could also replace the oppressors, and find new ways of challenging the oppressed character. In this way, Forum Theater encouraged dialogue rather than a didactic depiction of a situation, enabling the participants to construct dramas and plays based on their own experiences. The program also used a variety of arts-based exercises, including creative writing, photography, visual arts and movement, to help participants discuss the causes of violence against women in their community. The discussion around power relations in the home, for example, led to the investigation of women’s sexual agency. Most women had accepted that it is the man’s role to initiate sex, out of concern that men will be mistrustful or feel insecure if a woman initiates or suggests new methods in the bedroom. Participants saw the cultural process of assigning gender norms and roles to women and men as the main factor that exacerbates men’s notions of superiority. For example, during the amaXhosa ulwaluko initiation process for young men, boys are taught that men are heads of families and stronger than women. During the Ntonjane process for young women, girls are taught that a married woman must submit to the will of the man of the house. A married woman’s umakoti (duty) is to safeguard the problems of her home; she must place the family’s needs before her own and must not question her husband’s authority. The project raised awareness through outreach performances conducted within schools, religious institutions and advocacy events. The goal was to develop and document community-oriented strategies that could be implemented programmatically in partnership with local organizations. Project activities peaked during the annual 16 days of activism against gender-based violence, which is supported by community media and challenges South Africans to declare an end to violence against women and children. The project’s women performers were invited to perform at events organized by various organizations and schools involved in the 2006 16 Days of Activism campaigns. One of the functions of the performances was to address women’s legal protection by raising awareness around legal resources and recourses that are available to women. At the end of each performance, the lead facilitator provided the names of various organizations the women could consult to learn about and access legal protection. The theater performances also helped participants increase their access to income, as 128
they were paid a stipend. The communication skills women acquired in the theater training could also be used outside the theater context, such as in job interviews and in communications-related work tasks, and thus equipped women with transferrable vocational skills. Target Audience • Low-income women living in Khayelitsha community • The Khayelitsha community Level of Intervention • Community • District Geographic Location The township of Khayelitsha Timeframe January 2006–December 2006 Funders United Nations Trust Fund in Support of Actions to End Violence Against Women Partner Organizations Implementation partners: • Treatment Action Campaign (TAC), Khayelitsha District • Wola Nani (Khayelitsha) • Simelela Rape Survivors Centre IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS Start-up and Implementation Process The Laphum’ Ilanga project grew out of discussions with a range of community-based organizations and the Rape Crisis Center about the need to raise awareness of the link between gender-based violence and HIV transmission. Laphum’ Ilanga drew specifically on Forum Theater, an interactive participatory theater form developed in Latin America in the 1960s by Augusto Boal. Support groups, volunteers, and counselors within three organizations, Simelela Rape Clinic, Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) and Wola Nani, identified a group of 28 women to participate in a two-week training workshop. The women were introduced to Forum Theater and the process of creating plays that would lead to audience participation, and recounted and explored their own experiences with violence, power relations, and HIV and AIDS, among other things. The women then performed eight different plays at twelve outreach performances between June and August 2006. They performed to diverse audiences in Khayelitsha at a variety of venues: church events, taxi and bus terminals, shopping malls, and advocacy events organized by local partners and local community centers. The women also participated in outreach activities around the 16 Days campaign, including appearances on community radio. Local Involvement/ Ownership Community involvement was high at the grassroots level; however, indications of ownership by partner organizations did not emerge. Project 129
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| AIDS AIDSTAR-One Support and Tech
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INTEGRATING MULTIPLE GENDER STRATEG
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CONTENTS Acronyms..................
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Mama’s Club Memory Book .........
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ACRONYMS AED AEMCI AIDS AMREF AOSCI
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to t
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The public health
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INTRODUCTION The public health and
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• Identify current, promising pro
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• Snowball sampling of gender and
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LIMITATIONS This compendium is limi
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program, and small-scale programs s
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Child Security Project in South Afr
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elated efforts. The Mozambique SSTO
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RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Programs should
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PROGRAM DESCRIPTIONS TARGETING AND
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transmission and explain how the pr
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Tel: + 267 319 1816 / Fax: + 267 31
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Sessions center around small group
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Supervision occurs on two levels: s
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issues. • Involve uniformed perso
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a new bridge to the health care sys
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and among working girls, 77 percent
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ETHIOPIAN RADIO SERIAL DRAMAS TO PR
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• Ministry of Health Evaluation p
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64 percent at baseline. • Ethiopi
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• Conduct a post-intervention sur
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promotes HIV prevention through pee
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Evaluation Methodology • Monitori
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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Program Refe
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and produces materials in media tha
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During implementation, participants
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• Communities claim ownership of
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part of this strategy, Maanisha has
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the cultural practices and sexual b
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Langata Road, P.O Box 27691 - 00506
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developing memory books, scrapbooks
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• Quantitative data collection: D
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POST RAPE CARE LEAD ORGANIZATIONS:
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Funders • Trócaire • The U.S.
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Recommendations for Replication •
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seminars with invited guest speaker
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Local Involvement/ Ownership Commun
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treatment of sexually transmitted i
Page 92 and 93: • National Survey on the Reproduc
Page 94 and 95: woman’s ability to negotiate and
Page 96 and 97: skills, human rights, and monitorin
Page 98 and 99: empowers them to make healthier cho
Page 100 and 101: Service on replication. TIOS is als
Page 102 and 103: WOMEN FIRST (MULHERES PRIMERO) LEAD
Page 104 and 105: Funders • Canadian International
Page 106 and 107: $45,000 $40,000 $35,000 $30,000 $25
Page 108 and 109: MALE NORMS INITIATIVE LEAD ORGANIZA
Page 110 and 111: IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS Start-up
Page 112 and 113: assistance is no longer necessary i
Page 114 and 115: collaboration with relevant governm
Page 116 and 117: involvement in protecting the right
Page 118 and 119: assertiveness, puberty and gender-b
Page 120 and 121: traditional practices, and knowledg
Page 122 and 123: POLYCLINIC OF HOPE CARE AND TREATME
Page 124 and 125: Partner Organizations Implementatio
Page 126 and 127: international workshop was convened
Page 128 and 129: THE FATHERHOOD AND CHILD SECURITY P
Page 130 and 131: • Community leaders including tra
Page 132 and 133: After the session, 100 percent beli
Page 134 and 135: KwaZulu-Natal and OR Tambo, Eastern
Page 136 and 137: Gender and HIV component (Sisters-f
Page 138 and 139: Evaluation Results • Cluster rand
Page 140 and 141: Rural South Africa: A Cluster Rando
Page 144 and 145: staff intended for partner organiza
Page 146 and 147: ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Program Refe
Page 148 and 149: Young men also build knowledge arou
Page 150 and 151: • Project completion report: The
Page 154 and 155: character, Matlakala, is in an abus
Page 156 and 157: • The Presidency • Society For
Page 158 and 159: society stakeholders. • While eve
Page 160 and 161: 4. Contraception, conception and me
Page 162 and 163: IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS Start-up
Page 164 and 165: Challenges and Unforeseen Outcomes
Page 166 and 167: WOMEN’S HEALTH COOP, PRETORIA LEA
Page 168 and 169: female condoms to distribute in com
Page 172 and 173: to contraceptives (particularly con
Page 174 and 175: • Periodic household surveys: A b
Page 176 and 177: Resources Promises an Exciting Year
Page 178 and 179: stressed families in their home env
Page 180 and 181: generating activities and home visi
Page 182 and 183: LESSONS LEARNED AND CHALLENGES Key
Page 184 and 185: HIV & AIDS COUNSELING AND SERVICES
Page 186 and 187: Timeframe 1987-ongoing; the current
Page 188 and 189: multisectoral approach and that res
Page 190 and 191: Peer educators also aim to increase
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Challenges and Unforeseen Outcomes
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In collaboration with legal organiz
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Replication and Scale-up Activities
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THE SASA! ACTIVIST KIT FOR PREVENTI
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Timeframe 2008-ongoing Funders •
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• Engaging a cross-section of act
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CORRIDORS OF HOPE II LEAD ORGANIZAT
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Geographic Location Seven towns: Ka
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of HIV counseling and testing and t
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APPENDIX 1: ONLINE SEARCH PROCESS T
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APPENDIX 2: SURVEY INSTRUMENT BACKG
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1.10 Does the project address incre
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Section 5: LESSONS LEARNED AND FEAS
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Country Program Name Lead Organizat
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Gender Strategy Addressed Type of H
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AIDSTAR-One John Snow, Inc. 1616 No
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