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F.S. Ignácio, J.C. Fer erreir eira & C. Meir eira. 2011. Uterine and Luteal hemodynamic evaluation of the non pregnant mare. sss Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 39(Suppl 1): s117 - s121. endometriosis) found a reduced uterine vascular perfusion in mares with uterine cysts and a positive association between size of the cystic are and disturbed uterine hemodynamics [8]. So far, only one report has evaluated the uterine hemodynamic in recipient mares and because partial results were published it is not yet concluded which parameters should be followed to the selection of mares [14]. The results from the evaluation of the beginning of pregnancy are in accordance to the ones reported before for inseminated and pregnant mares [9,14]. Few are known about the hemodynamic uterine response to the infusion of inflammatory substances, such as semen. To evaluate the uterine inflammatory response and hemodynamic, Bollwein et al. (2003) [2] injected in one group of mare raw semen and in the other seminal plasma. Cytological evaluation showed that, compared to raw semen, intrauterine infusion of seminal plasma caused only mild endometritis, but both led to a remarkable increase in uterine blood flow. Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator released during endometrial inflammation [17]. However, the result suggests that not only uterine inflammation, but also other factors are responsible for increased uterine blood flow, such as prostaglandins and estrogens present in seminal plasma [7]. Further investigations are necessary to determine whether changes in uterine and ovarian perfusion after insemination are related to fertility in mares. 2.2 CORPUS LUTEUM (CL) EVALUATION Ovarian artery of the mare supplies the ovary as well as the oviduct and therefore can be used for evaluation of these areas. The CL evaluation can also be done by the percentage of luteum area with colored signals as an indicator of the extent of blood flow. The percentage of the CL area with colored signals is determined subjectively by images observations in real time [12] and/or by a freezing Power Doppler cross-section image with the maximum number of color pixels taped and the total number of color pixels is assessed by a computer analysis system [1]. The first evaluation of the ovarian hemodynamic was reported in 2002 from data collected of the right and left ovarian arteries [3]. In contrast to the uterine arteries, ovarian arteries revealed significant differences between sides in blood supply. PI values were sifnificantly lower in the ovarian artery ipsilateral to the corpus luteum. In this side, the resistance to blood flow declined after a short rise until D6 and increased afterwards again until the end of diestrus [3]. During the estrous cycle an extensive angiogenesis takes place in the CL [13] which is essential for the substrate supply needed for the biosynthesis and secretion of progesterone [6]. Vascular perfusion and progesterone concentrations showed high correlation, both parameters rose noticeably in the first days after ovulation [1,10]. In a first report, the CL circulation reached its maximum on D5, the progesterone concentration in peripheral blood increased until D7 [1] and in a posterior report, maximum perfusion was achieved two days after the maximum progesterone concentration (D8) [10]. Blood flow reduced between D10 - D14 some days before the plasma progesterone decrease [1, 10] and, during the luteolytic period (D15 - D17), the decline in CL blood-flow area was greater than blood flow decrease [10]. During the luteolytic period, blood flow was constant during the ascending portion and decreased during the descending portion of the PGFM pulses [11]. III. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS Uterine alterations caused by inflammation, response from seminal plasma infusion, hormonal variations during estrous and diestrus, pregnancy and action of various vasoactive factors influence on the vascular perfusion detected by Doppler ultrasound. As well as a high correlation between plasma progesterone concentration and CL blood flow allows the evaluation of the CL in this technique. Doppler ultrassonography add knowledge to uterine viability and CL functionality and it can be easily used by field veterinarians. It is a non invasive technique and which supplies a real time result. However, because of the short time, further investigations are still necessary to the establishment of normal and pathological patterns. s120
F.S. Ignácio, J.C. Fer erreir eira & C. Meir eira. 2011. Uterine and Luteal hemodynamic evaluation of the non pregnant mare. sss Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 39(Suppl 1): s117 - s121. REFERENCES 1 Bollwein H., Mayer R., Weber F., Stolla R. & 2002. Luteal blood flow during the estrous cycle in mares. Theriogenology. 65: 2043-2051. 2 Bollwein H., Sowade C. & Stolla R. 2003. The effect of semen extender, seminal plasma and raw semen on uterine and ovarian blood flow in mares. Theriogenology. 60: 607-616. 3 Bollwein H., Weber F., Kolberg B. & Stolla R. 2002a. Uterine and ovarian blood flow during the estrous cycle in mares. Theriogenology. 65: 2129-2138. 4 Bollwein H., Maierl R. & Stolla R. 1998. Transrectal color Doppler sonography of the A. uterine in cyclic mares. Theriogenology. 49: 1483-1488. 5 Cacciatore B.N., Simber B.N., Fusaro P. & Tiitinen A. 1996. Transvaginal Doppler study of uterine artery blood flow in in vitro fertilization - embryo transfer cycles. Fertility and Sterility. 66: 130-134. 6 Carr B.R., Macdonald P.C. & Simpson E.R. 1982. The role of lipoproteins in the regulation of progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum. Fertility and Sterility. 38: 303-311. 7 Claus R., Dimmick M.A., Gimenez T. & Hudson L.W. 1992. Estrogens and prostaglandin F2α in the semen and blood plasma of stallions. Theriogenology. 38: 687-693. 8 Ferreira J.C., Gastal E.L., Ginther O.J. 2008. Uterine blood flow and perfusion in mares with uterine cysts: effect of the size of the cystic area and age. Reproduction. 135: 541-550. 9 Ferreira J.C., Ignácio F.S. & Meira C. 2010. Uterine vascular perfusion and spectral-Doppler measurements during early gestation in mares: new concepts of evaluation. Animal Reproduction Science. 121(S): 281-283. 10 Ginther O.J., Gastal E.L., Gastal M.O., Utt M.D. & Beg M.A. 2007. Luteal blood flow and progesterone production in mares. Animal Reproduction Science. 99: 213-220. 11 Ginther O.J., Rodrigues B.L.,, Ferreira J.C., Araujo R.R. & Beg M.A. 2008. Characterisation of pulses of 13,14-dihydro- 15-keto-PGF2alpha (PGFM) and relationships between PGFM pulses and luteal blood flow before, during, and after luteolysis in mares. Reproduction, Fertility and Development. 20: 684-693. 12 Ginther, O.J. & Utt, M.D. 2004. Doppler ultrasound in equine reproduction: principles, techniques, and potential. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 24: 516-526. N 13 Hansel W. & Blair R.M. 1996. Bovine corpus luteum: a historic overview and implications for future research. Theriogenology. 45: 1267-1294. 14 Ignácio F.S., Camargo J.C., Melo R.P., Abreu N.C., Araújo G.H. & Meira C. 2011. Uterine hemodynamic evaluations in recipient mares: preliminary results. In: II Congreso Argentino de Reproducción Equina. (Argentina). pp.533-536. 15 Kenney R.M. 1978. Cyclic and pathologic changes of the mare endometrium as detected by biopsy, with a note on early embryonic death. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 172: 241-226. 16 Silva L.A., Gastal E.L., Beg M.A. & Ginther O.J. 2005. Changes in vascular perfusion of the endometrium in association with changes in location of the embryonic vesicle in mares. Biology of Reproduction. 72: 755-761. 17 Still J.G. & Greiss F. 1978. The effect of prostaglandins and other vasoactive substances on uterine blood flow and myometrial activity. American Journal of Obstetrics Gynecoly. 130(1): 1-8 www.ufrgs.br/actavet 39(Suppl 1) s121
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