Water Users Association and Irrigation Management - Institute for ...

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.:. Internal and external audits \. The Auditing Commission will inspect the accounting records and bank accounts of the Association each year. The Accountant of the Association will put all the records and accounts at the disposal of the Auditing Commission. 2. Farmers are issued receipts for payments of the amount. Records and accounts can be monitored and verified at any time by any Member of the Association. Verification is certitied through signature or thumb impression. 96
Chapter 5 Farmers' Knowledge and Perceptions on Irrigation-Induced Environmental Problems This chapter discusses fanners' perceptions and knowledge of soil fertility, the extent of waterlogging and salinity in the study area and examines broadly its causes and consequences. The qualitative data on these aspects have been collected through discussion with individual fanners and also in focused group discussion. Before the empirical findings are discussed, a brief account of the studies, which have addressed these issues, is presented below. The existing studies have used various methods and models for detennining water and salt balances in irrigated agriculture (Ridder & Boonstra 1994, Hoom & Alphen 1994). The data required to analyze the problems more scientifically, as revealed by those studies are hard to find in most of the developing countries. Furthennore, the subject is multidisciplinary cutting across various disciplines, like chemistry, physics, soil science, hydraulic science and civil engineering. Fanners based on their wisdom and local experiences, will have their own perceptions of soil fertility status. Since land degradation is a result of several factors, an attempt was, therefore, made to ascertain farmers' perceptions of soil fertility in the study area. Farmers and scientists understand soil fertility in different ways. The understanding of fanners docs not necessarily correspond with that of the scientists 1. Talawar & Rhoades (1997) found that fanners see soil fertility as a multi-faceted concept. It includes factors such as the soil's capacity for sustainable productivity, its penneability, and water holding capacity, drainage, and manure requirements. The traditional practices followed also give us an understanding of farmers' way of thinking (Hudson 1992). A study of Ethiopian farmers' attitudes to land degradation and conservation by Admassie & Gebre (1985) indicated that fanners were aware of the problems of land degradation. Erosion was identified as the main cause for land degradation, followed by drought, deforestation, J Scientists often only take account of tbe soil's nutrient status. witbout considering its pbysical properties. Tbey define fertile land as land tbat is capable of producing consistently high yields in a wide range of crops. Farmers' perceptions of soil fertility are not limited to the soil's nutrient status. For more details, see Mace eorbee1s et a!. 2000.
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Water Users Association and Irrigat
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Phone: 91 080-23215468/5592/5519 FA
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grant was of great help in undertak
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LIST OF TABLES Page. No. 1.1: Outla
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8.3: Estimated Production Functions
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Chapter 1 Introduction The natural
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partition, 8.8 million hectares of
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levels. This is more so with major
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"twin problems" (Details of general
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~~~,~~ Figure 1.1 gives the data fr
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much lower at 1.6 million hectares
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Table 1.3: Incidence of Waterloggin
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as they severely limit the choice o
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water managers sometimes succumbed
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(Carruthus 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; F
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While some of the root causes contr
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Irrigation tends to artificially in
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Appendix 1.2: Important committees,
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degradation is more in the command
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The study by Abassi (1991) on the e
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account of irrigation development a
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without providing adequate canal se
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, Sathyanarayana et al. (200 I) doc
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in the operation and maintenance of
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waterlogging. The study emphasizes
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... The studies reviewed so far, cl
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to ensure greater production from l
Page 55 and 56: mentioned the effective training of
Page 57 and 58: Transfer of management for the 12,0
Page 59 and 60: Ahmad (2000) claimed that water sca
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology a
Page 63 and 64: components of the same l . The envi
Page 65 and 66: Table 3.1: Total Number of Farmers
Page 67 and 68: Secondary data have been collected
Page 69 and 70: Lowdennilk 1981). Bardhan (1984) an
Page 71 and 72: attempting to achieve collective be
Page 73 and 74: External conditions: Physical and t
Page 75 and 76: etc. It is a supply-oriented design
Page 77 and 78: Appendix 3.1: Salient Features of T
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 4 Profile of the Sample Vil
Page 81 and 82: Figure 4.3: Map of Gllndllr Village
Page 83 and 84: is used to supplement the canal wat
Page 85 and 86: It is interesting to note that leas
Page 87 and 88: Table 4.2: Caste-wise Distribution
Page 89 and 90: more land in the upper and middle r
Page 91 and 92: than 30 years experience (see Table
Page 93 and 94: Table 4.12: Distribution of Farmers
Page 95 and 96: cultivation in the upper and the mi
Page 97 and 98: Labor shortages are common at peak
Page 99 and 100: amount of RS.25 but during the year
Page 101 and 102: majority of the sample fanners are
Page 103 and 104: I. To introduce a schedule of water
Page 105: Rule Enforcement .:. The Associatio
Page 109 and 110: transect walks which revealed that
Page 111 and 112: consumption which are known to be s
Page 113 and 114: should be noted that these lands ha
Page 115 and 116: their lands fully, while some suffe
Page 117 and 118: management strategies and type of c
Page 119 and 120: d · 15 degra at IOn . ill Hagedal,
Page 121 and 122: cropping and intensive irrigation o
Page 123 and 124: Farmers knowledge of the proposed c
Page 125 and 126: Reasons for violation In both the v
Page 127 and 128: mild waterlogging and were not cult
Page 129 and 130: 1 0 increasing susceptibility of cr
Page 131 and 132: of a water intensive crop. The exce
Page 133 and 134: over irrigate their fields. There a
Page 135 and 136: depends on the provision of opportu
Page 137 and 138: The next most frequently used strat
Page 139 and 140: irrigation channels is the responsi
Page 141 and 142: the field than needed as insurance
Page 143 and 144: of the irrigation fields are kept i
Page 145 and 146: In a detailed analysis of the TBP,
Page 147 and 148: The most popular practice in Gundur
Page 149 and 150: grazing lands and the consequent re
Page 151 and 152: do poor quality work. There IS gove
Page 153 and 154: the task of organizational and admi
Page 155 and 156: have merged the information from bo
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Three brothers working on leased la
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everyone individually chooses to ta
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irrigation officials who exercised
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water] The local leadership is not
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Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the
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In afocus group discussion one of t
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I In Gundur, women are members in t
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I It can be noted from Table 7.4 th
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I land and other farmers do not mak
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• that cattle do not damage the i
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I the existing situations of their
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I riding" has become a rational cho
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I customary nonns. Intangible benef
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I tennite mounds on fields. They be
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I Leadership The quality of leaders
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• One o{the office bearers commen
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• the causes for waterlogging and
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• keeping water cess books and bi
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• through strict rule enforcement
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• to improve the quality of the W
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collective management drainage. The
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PIM initiative did not originate in
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sustainability could be expected th
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Chapter 8 Impact of Water Users' As
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I examines the efficacy of fanners
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I is 2744.15 kg whereas in Hagedal
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lands in Gundur is more compared to
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Table 8.3: Estimated Production Fun
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decline by 2.5 percent in Gundur an
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In Gundur, farmers identified crop
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I Other key problems were the poor
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• Appendix 8.1: Water Availabilit
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• Chapter 9 Summary and Conclusio
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I In Hagedal, one of the sample vil
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I In irrigated fanning of the fanne
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I management practices evolved by W
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• comparable estimates, it would
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• PIM policy should not just stop
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References Abbasi~ S. A. 199} .. En
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Bre~e~·hJ· d S , Kolavalli. A. H.
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• Dhawan, B. D. 2002. Technologic
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Gmernment of India. Tenth Five- Yea
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Joshi. P. K. ,.1987. "Effect of Sur
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Maloney._ C and K. V. Raju. 1994. '
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Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of"Collec
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Reddy, t'vl. Venkata. 1996. "Tungab
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Sridharan. K. and S. Vedula. 1985.
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Wade, Robert. 1987 "Ma . '. . . . n
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