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2. Irrigation-induced environmental problems like salinity and waterlogging are lesser where WUAs are active. 3. WUAs enable farmers to improve crop yields, through better water management. Methodology Tungabhadra, one of the major irrigation projects in Kamataka, has been selected for the study. The selection of the sample was based on stratified sampling, the strata being distributary, outlet, village and farm households. Size of the distributary in terms of designed discharge of water, area irrigated, crops grown and extent of area affected by waterlogging, salinity and alkalinity were the main criteria for selection of the distributary and the outlets for the in-depth study. The presence of a WUA has been one of the criteria for selection of the outlet. Based on these criteria, two outlets under the 31/2 Sub Distributary (DY) trom Tungabhadra Left Bank Canal (TLBC) were selected. The selection was based on purposive sampling, the purpose being the presence of a WUA in one outlet, and the absence of a WUA in another outlet. The approach adopted for the study is, therefore, cross-sectional i.e. with and without. The villages selected for the study are Gundur (with WUA) and Hagedal (without WUA) coming under the command of Sub DY 3112. Selection of farmers A brief survey of farmers having land in Hagedal and in Gundur, the members of WUA coming under the command of 31/2 was conducted to obtain detail cd information about the various aspects of the command. A sample of 25 percent was drawn for an in-depth study. The sample size is 69 and 47 farmers in Hagedal and Gundur, respectively. The distributary in both the villages was divided into three parts, i.c. head, middle and tail end. The total outlets were put into three categories. In doing so we had discussions with farmers and the field level irrigation officials. A sample of 25 percent was drawn from each outlet. Each outlet was also divided into head, middle, and tail portions. The number of respondents from each portion was drawn randomly. The outlet-wise position of total farmers and the farmers drawn trom different positions for the sample is given in Tables 3.1 &3.2 54
Table 3.1: Total Number of Farmers and Sample Farmers in Hagedal (outlet wise) Position Outlet No. of sample Farmers Total Total No. Head Middle sample Tail farmers farmers 3l.RS 3 3 Head 3 9 34 36.LS 4 5 5 L4 55 TotaL 2 7 8 8 23 89 Middle 42.RS 3 3 4 LO 4L 52.RS 2 2 3 7 27 Total 2 5 5 7 L7 68 67.RS 6 6 6 Tail 18 73 67.LS 3 4 4 LI 42 Total 2 9 LO LO 29 IL5 Grand Total 6 21 23 25 69 272 Table 3.2: Total Number of Farmers and Sample Farmers in Gundur (outlet wise) Position No. of sample Farmers Outlet No. Head Middle Tail Head 171.R.S 2 2 2 Middle TWC 6 6 7 Tail TWC 7 7 8 -.Iotal 3 IS IS 17 The details of sample selection is presented in tlgure 3.1 Figure 3.1 Tungabhadra Project I Distributary 31/2 Total sample farmers 6 19 22 47 Total farmers 24 74 87 185 I ~ 1 .. • .. • Outlet (1) Outlet (2) Hagedal village (no WUA) Sample farmers No. 69 Gundur village (WUA) Sample farmers No.47 55
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Water Users Association and Irrigat
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Phone: 91 080-23215468/5592/5519 FA
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grant was of great help in undertak
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LIST OF TABLES Page. No. 1.1: Outla
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8.3: Estimated Production Functions
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Chapter 1 Introduction The natural
Page 13 and 14: partition, 8.8 million hectares of
Page 15 and 16: levels. This is more so with major
Page 17 and 18: "twin problems" (Details of general
Page 19 and 20: ~~~,~~ Figure 1.1 gives the data fr
Page 21 and 22: much lower at 1.6 million hectares
Page 23 and 24: Table 1.3: Incidence of Waterloggin
Page 25 and 26: as they severely limit the choice o
Page 27 and 28: water managers sometimes succumbed
Page 29 and 30: (Carruthus 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; F
Page 31 and 32: While some of the root causes contr
Page 33 and 34: Irrigation tends to artificially in
Page 35 and 36: Appendix 1.2: Important committees,
Page 37 and 38: degradation is more in the command
Page 39 and 40: The study by Abassi (1991) on the e
Page 41 and 42: account of irrigation development a
Page 43 and 44: without providing adequate canal se
Page 45 and 46: , Sathyanarayana et al. (200 I) doc
Page 47 and 48: in the operation and maintenance of
Page 49 and 50: waterlogging. The study emphasizes
Page 51 and 52: ... The studies reviewed so far, cl
Page 53 and 54: to ensure greater production from l
Page 55 and 56: mentioned the effective training of
Page 57 and 58: Transfer of management for the 12,0
Page 59 and 60: Ahmad (2000) claimed that water sca
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology a
Page 63: components of the same l . The envi
Page 67 and 68: Secondary data have been collected
Page 69 and 70: Lowdennilk 1981). Bardhan (1984) an
Page 71 and 72: attempting to achieve collective be
Page 73 and 74: External conditions: Physical and t
Page 75 and 76: etc. It is a supply-oriented design
Page 77 and 78: Appendix 3.1: Salient Features of T
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 4 Profile of the Sample Vil
Page 81 and 82: Figure 4.3: Map of Gllndllr Village
Page 83 and 84: is used to supplement the canal wat
Page 85 and 86: It is interesting to note that leas
Page 87 and 88: Table 4.2: Caste-wise Distribution
Page 89 and 90: more land in the upper and middle r
Page 91 and 92: than 30 years experience (see Table
Page 93 and 94: Table 4.12: Distribution of Farmers
Page 95 and 96: cultivation in the upper and the mi
Page 97 and 98: Labor shortages are common at peak
Page 99 and 100: amount of RS.25 but during the year
Page 101 and 102: majority of the sample fanners are
Page 103 and 104: I. To introduce a schedule of water
Page 105 and 106: Rule Enforcement .:. The Associatio
Page 107 and 108: Chapter 5 Farmers' Knowledge and Pe
Page 109 and 110: transect walks which revealed that
Page 111 and 112: consumption which are known to be s
Page 113 and 114: should be noted that these lands ha
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their lands fully, while some suffe
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management strategies and type of c
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d · 15 degra at IOn . ill Hagedal,
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cropping and intensive irrigation o
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Farmers knowledge of the proposed c
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Reasons for violation In both the v
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mild waterlogging and were not cult
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1 0 increasing susceptibility of cr
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of a water intensive crop. The exce
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over irrigate their fields. There a
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depends on the provision of opportu
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The next most frequently used strat
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irrigation channels is the responsi
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the field than needed as insurance
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of the irrigation fields are kept i
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In a detailed analysis of the TBP,
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The most popular practice in Gundur
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grazing lands and the consequent re
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do poor quality work. There IS gove
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the task of organizational and admi
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have merged the information from bo
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Three brothers working on leased la
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everyone individually chooses to ta
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irrigation officials who exercised
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water] The local leadership is not
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Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the
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In afocus group discussion one of t
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I In Gundur, women are members in t
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I It can be noted from Table 7.4 th
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I land and other farmers do not mak
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• that cattle do not damage the i
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I the existing situations of their
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I riding" has become a rational cho
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I customary nonns. Intangible benef
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I tennite mounds on fields. They be
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I Leadership The quality of leaders
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• One o{the office bearers commen
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• the causes for waterlogging and
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• keeping water cess books and bi
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• through strict rule enforcement
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• to improve the quality of the W
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collective management drainage. The
Page 199 and 200:
PIM initiative did not originate in
Page 201 and 202:
sustainability could be expected th
Page 203 and 204:
Chapter 8 Impact of Water Users' As
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I examines the efficacy of fanners
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I is 2744.15 kg whereas in Hagedal
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lands in Gundur is more compared to
Page 211 and 212:
Table 8.3: Estimated Production Fun
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decline by 2.5 percent in Gundur an
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In Gundur, farmers identified crop
Page 217 and 218:
I Other key problems were the poor
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• Appendix 8.1: Water Availabilit
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• Chapter 9 Summary and Conclusio
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I In Hagedal, one of the sample vil
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I In irrigated fanning of the fanne
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I management practices evolved by W
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• comparable estimates, it would
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• PIM policy should not just stop
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References Abbasi~ S. A. 199} .. En
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Bre~e~·hJ· d S , Kolavalli. A. H.
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• Dhawan, B. D. 2002. Technologic
Page 239 and 240:
Gmernment of India. Tenth Five- Yea
Page 241 and 242:
Joshi. P. K. ,.1987. "Effect of Sur
Page 243 and 244:
Maloney._ C and K. V. Raju. 1994. '
Page 245 and 246:
Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of"Collec
Page 247 and 248:
Reddy, t'vl. Venkata. 1996. "Tungab
Page 249 and 250:
Sridharan. K. and S. Vedula. 1985.
Page 251 and 252:
Wade, Robert. 1987 "Ma . '. . . . n
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