Water Users Association and Irrigation Management - Institute for ...

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Table 5.6: Direction of Change of Saline Area (in acres) Village Direction of change Total land Decrease Constant Increase affected by Salinity Gundur 1.30 (14.9) 5.50 (63.2) 1. 90 (21.8) 8.70 Hagedal 3.00 (12.5) 14.90 (62.3) 6.00 (25.1) 23.90 - ,
d · 15 degra at IOn . ill Hagedal, some of the fanners had to over irrigate due to various reasons. Most importantly, the undependable supply of water makes fanners over irrigates the fields. Although adequate water is available in the village, the tendency to over irrigate exists among the farmers. There are no regulatory mechanisms in the village to monitor water distribution. Also the fanners do not seem to have adequate knowledge about optimum doses of water required according to crop water requirements. T a bl e 57 . . F armers 'P erceptIons 0 f Causes of Waterlogging and Salinity Village Causative factors Gundur Hageda\ . Most important cause Over irrigation Poor maintenance of infrastructure 2nd most important cause Lack of proper drainage Over irrigation 3 ra most important cause Financial factors Shortage of FYM 4th most important cause Poor maintenance of Financial factors infrastructure Other causes Paddy cultivation, Paddy cultivation, Natural factors/canal natural factors/canal breaches breaches Source: FIeld investigatIOn. Fanners in Hagedal feel that lack of timely and appropriate maintenance of the irrigation infrastructure has led to land dq,'fadation. The quality of maintenance of the distributary as well as sub-distributaries was found to be bad as observed during the transect walks from the head reach to the tail end. Some have constructed cross-embankments on the canal or distorted the limbs of the canal. The earthworks are in a bad shape with high levels of seepage and heavy weed growth. This has resulted in a rise of the water table causing waterlogging and salinity. The major reason for such state of affairs is that there is no regulatory body in the village to check the misuse of infrastructure by tanners. Further, the lack of maintenance by the agency and over-anxiety of the people in the tail end area to collect water directly from the distributary has damaged the control structures. In this village farmers are reluctant to maintain the structures, since it is a common property as all the farmers derive benefits from it. They blame each other and the agency for the lack of maintenance. In Gundur, the distributary, outlets and field canals are all well maintained because it is the responsibility ofWUA and the fanners to maintain it. 15 Irrigation water management in both the villages is discussed in detail in the next chapter. 109
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Water Users Association and Irrigat
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Phone: 91 080-23215468/5592/5519 FA
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grant was of great help in undertak
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LIST OF TABLES Page. No. 1.1: Outla
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8.3: Estimated Production Functions
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Chapter 1 Introduction The natural
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partition, 8.8 million hectares of
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levels. This is more so with major
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"twin problems" (Details of general
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~~~,~~ Figure 1.1 gives the data fr
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much lower at 1.6 million hectares
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Table 1.3: Incidence of Waterloggin
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as they severely limit the choice o
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water managers sometimes succumbed
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(Carruthus 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; F
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While some of the root causes contr
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Irrigation tends to artificially in
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Appendix 1.2: Important committees,
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degradation is more in the command
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The study by Abassi (1991) on the e
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account of irrigation development a
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without providing adequate canal se
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, Sathyanarayana et al. (200 I) doc
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in the operation and maintenance of
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waterlogging. The study emphasizes
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... The studies reviewed so far, cl
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to ensure greater production from l
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mentioned the effective training of
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Transfer of management for the 12,0
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Ahmad (2000) claimed that water sca
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Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology a
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components of the same l . The envi
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Table 3.1: Total Number of Farmers
Page 67 and 68: Secondary data have been collected
Page 69 and 70: Lowdennilk 1981). Bardhan (1984) an
Page 71 and 72: attempting to achieve collective be
Page 73 and 74: External conditions: Physical and t
Page 75 and 76: etc. It is a supply-oriented design
Page 77 and 78: Appendix 3.1: Salient Features of T
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 4 Profile of the Sample Vil
Page 81 and 82: Figure 4.3: Map of Gllndllr Village
Page 83 and 84: is used to supplement the canal wat
Page 85 and 86: It is interesting to note that leas
Page 87 and 88: Table 4.2: Caste-wise Distribution
Page 89 and 90: more land in the upper and middle r
Page 91 and 92: than 30 years experience (see Table
Page 93 and 94: Table 4.12: Distribution of Farmers
Page 95 and 96: cultivation in the upper and the mi
Page 97 and 98: Labor shortages are common at peak
Page 99 and 100: amount of RS.25 but during the year
Page 101 and 102: majority of the sample fanners are
Page 103 and 104: I. To introduce a schedule of water
Page 105 and 106: Rule Enforcement .:. The Associatio
Page 107 and 108: Chapter 5 Farmers' Knowledge and Pe
Page 109 and 110: transect walks which revealed that
Page 111 and 112: consumption which are known to be s
Page 113 and 114: should be noted that these lands ha
Page 115 and 116: their lands fully, while some suffe
Page 117: management strategies and type of c
Page 121 and 122: cropping and intensive irrigation o
Page 123 and 124: Farmers knowledge of the proposed c
Page 125 and 126: Reasons for violation In both the v
Page 127 and 128: mild waterlogging and were not cult
Page 129 and 130: 1 0 increasing susceptibility of cr
Page 131 and 132: of a water intensive crop. The exce
Page 133 and 134: over irrigate their fields. There a
Page 135 and 136: depends on the provision of opportu
Page 137 and 138: The next most frequently used strat
Page 139 and 140: irrigation channels is the responsi
Page 141 and 142: the field than needed as insurance
Page 143 and 144: of the irrigation fields are kept i
Page 145 and 146: In a detailed analysis of the TBP,
Page 147 and 148: The most popular practice in Gundur
Page 149 and 150: grazing lands and the consequent re
Page 151 and 152: do poor quality work. There IS gove
Page 153 and 154: the task of organizational and admi
Page 155 and 156: have merged the information from bo
Page 157 and 158: Three brothers working on leased la
Page 159 and 160: everyone individually chooses to ta
Page 161 and 162: irrigation officials who exercised
Page 163 and 164: water] The local leadership is not
Page 165 and 166: Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the
Page 167 and 168: In afocus group discussion one of t
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I In Gundur, women are members in t
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I It can be noted from Table 7.4 th
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I land and other farmers do not mak
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• that cattle do not damage the i
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I the existing situations of their
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I riding" has become a rational cho
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I customary nonns. Intangible benef
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I tennite mounds on fields. They be
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I Leadership The quality of leaders
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• One o{the office bearers commen
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• the causes for waterlogging and
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• keeping water cess books and bi
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• through strict rule enforcement
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• to improve the quality of the W
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collective management drainage. The
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PIM initiative did not originate in
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sustainability could be expected th
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Chapter 8 Impact of Water Users' As
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I examines the efficacy of fanners
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I is 2744.15 kg whereas in Hagedal
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lands in Gundur is more compared to
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Table 8.3: Estimated Production Fun
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decline by 2.5 percent in Gundur an
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In Gundur, farmers identified crop
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I Other key problems were the poor
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• Appendix 8.1: Water Availabilit
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• Chapter 9 Summary and Conclusio
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I In Hagedal, one of the sample vil
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I In irrigated fanning of the fanne
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I management practices evolved by W
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• comparable estimates, it would
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• PIM policy should not just stop
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References Abbasi~ S. A. 199} .. En
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Bre~e~·hJ· d S , Kolavalli. A. H.
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• Dhawan, B. D. 2002. Technologic
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Gmernment of India. Tenth Five- Yea
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Joshi. P. K. ,.1987. "Effect of Sur
Page 243 and 244:
Maloney._ C and K. V. Raju. 1994. '
Page 245 and 246:
Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of"Collec
Page 247 and 248:
Reddy, t'vl. Venkata. 1996. "Tungab
Page 249 and 250:
Sridharan. K. and S. Vedula. 1985.
Page 251 and 252:
Wade, Robert. 1987 "Ma . '. . . . n
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