Water Users Association and Irrigation Management - Institute for ...

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Chapter 7 Water Users' Association and Irrigation System Performance Given the increasing water use and distribution contlicts emerging in canal command areas, especially in major projects, the need for transferring irrigation management tu user gruups has been stressed by the planners all over the world, more importantly in developing countries. In Karnataka, like elsewhere in the country, attempts are being made to transfer irrigation management to user groups. The Tungabhadra irrigation project is one of the major systems in the state, where irrigatiun management transfer has been attempted. The two villages selected for this study are from this command area. An attempt is therefore, made in this chapter to analyze status of irrigation management in the village by the WUA (Gundur) as compared to the other village which lacks any institutional setup (Hagedal). Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) in Karnataka Irrigation management transfer I or PIM has become a widespread strategy in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Karnataka State has a long history uffarmers' involvement in irrigation management, but limited experience with formal PIM 2 programs. Efforts to increase farmer participation in major irrigation systems received policy attention from the 1980s and WUAs or pipe committees were initiated at the outlet levels which were supposed to cooperate with CADA for on-farm development works and distribute water on a rotatiDnal basis. The water rights and the linked responsibilities of the WUAs and its members were not defined and also there was no enabling legislation or legal backing to make them functionally effective. Hence, by the mid-1990s, about 225 WUAs created in major and minor irrigation projects became defunct or existed only on paper due to lack of enabling provisions as well as absence of a comprehensive PIM policy in the state. Et10rts to transfer irrigation management to farmer organizations occurred more than a decade ago in TBP. However, the managerial powers lay mostly in the hands of the I Turning over the management authority for irrigation systems. from government agencies to farmers is generally referred to as management transfer (Vermillion 1997). For a detailed discussion on the performance and impacts of irrigation management transfer see Vermillion (1997) and Brewer eta!' (1999). . 2 PIM is neither a totally new nor an alien concept to the Indian farmer. It was a basIC premise based on which many of the traditional irrigation systems were designed. constructed. operated and managed successfully for centuries. The phraseology used by the donor agencies has, however been changmg from time to time. (Reddy 2000). 149
irrigation officials who exercised all controls on the operation, maintenance and repair of infrastructure. In the absence of proper distribution of water, bad maintenance of infrastructure, discrepancies in rights and responsibilities of the WUA and its members. even while the 16 WUA came in to existence with government initiative, they became defunct over the decade. Presently, Karnataka Government wants to give a fresh orientation to PIM through concrete efforts and consultations with different agencies and stakeholders. The state amended its Karnataka Irrigation Act of 1965; making provisions for users' institutions to emerge at various levels of the irrigation system namely, Water Users Cooperatives (WUCs) at the primary, distributary and project level and an Apex body at the State level. The WUAs in Karnataka are registered under the Co-operative Act and are called WUCs. The WUCs are empowered to decide on the cropping pattern, fix and collect water charges based on the volumetric supply and enable conflict resolution. The WUCs are entrusted with the task of carrying out maintenance work and water management through a formal Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the Irrigation Department and the WUCs. In addition, the WUCs were given other rural development works like laying of roads to farmlands. WUCs are also encouraged to take up other income generating activities such as dealing in fertilizers and pesticides, and other agricultural inputs. Since 2003, water management has been entrusted to eligible WUCs in vanous major irrigation projects. Water is allocated to each WUCs based on the quantity of available water, tentative rainfall based on the time series data, and the indent placed by the WUCs in the command area. There are two taritIs charts given to the WUCs, the tariff for water, which the WUCs have to pay to the government while the government also gives chart that specifies the crop-wise water charges, which the WUCs can collect from the farmers. The WUCs gets a rebate of 2 percent for paying in time and 20 percent for administration cost and Rs 40 per hectare for maintenance. In TBP, currently 826 WUAs have been identified and delineation notifications are issued by ID out of which 401 WUAs have been registered till 2003 and water management is formally handed over to 36 WUA. 150
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Water Users Association and Irrigat
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Phone: 91 080-23215468/5592/5519 FA
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grant was of great help in undertak
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LIST OF TABLES Page. No. 1.1: Outla
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8.3: Estimated Production Functions
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Chapter 1 Introduction The natural
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partition, 8.8 million hectares of
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levels. This is more so with major
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"twin problems" (Details of general
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~~~,~~ Figure 1.1 gives the data fr
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much lower at 1.6 million hectares
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Table 1.3: Incidence of Waterloggin
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as they severely limit the choice o
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water managers sometimes succumbed
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(Carruthus 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; F
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While some of the root causes contr
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Irrigation tends to artificially in
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Appendix 1.2: Important committees,
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degradation is more in the command
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The study by Abassi (1991) on the e
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account of irrigation development a
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without providing adequate canal se
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, Sathyanarayana et al. (200 I) doc
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in the operation and maintenance of
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waterlogging. The study emphasizes
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... The studies reviewed so far, cl
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to ensure greater production from l
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mentioned the effective training of
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Transfer of management for the 12,0
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Ahmad (2000) claimed that water sca
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Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology a
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components of the same l . The envi
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Table 3.1: Total Number of Farmers
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Secondary data have been collected
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Lowdennilk 1981). Bardhan (1984) an
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attempting to achieve collective be
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External conditions: Physical and t
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etc. It is a supply-oriented design
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Appendix 3.1: Salient Features of T
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Chapter 4 Profile of the Sample Vil
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Figure 4.3: Map of Gllndllr Village
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is used to supplement the canal wat
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It is interesting to note that leas
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Table 4.2: Caste-wise Distribution
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more land in the upper and middle r
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than 30 years experience (see Table
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Table 4.12: Distribution of Farmers
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cultivation in the upper and the mi
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Labor shortages are common at peak
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amount of RS.25 but during the year
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majority of the sample fanners are
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I. To introduce a schedule of water
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Rule Enforcement .:. The Associatio
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Chapter 5 Farmers' Knowledge and Pe
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Page 113 and 114: should be noted that these lands ha
Page 115 and 116: their lands fully, while some suffe
Page 117 and 118: management strategies and type of c
Page 119 and 120: d · 15 degra at IOn . ill Hagedal,
Page 121 and 122: cropping and intensive irrigation o
Page 123 and 124: Farmers knowledge of the proposed c
Page 125 and 126: Reasons for violation In both the v
Page 127 and 128: mild waterlogging and were not cult
Page 129 and 130: 1 0 increasing susceptibility of cr
Page 131 and 132: of a water intensive crop. The exce
Page 133 and 134: over irrigate their fields. There a
Page 135 and 136: depends on the provision of opportu
Page 137 and 138: The next most frequently used strat
Page 139 and 140: irrigation channels is the responsi
Page 141 and 142: the field than needed as insurance
Page 143 and 144: of the irrigation fields are kept i
Page 145 and 146: In a detailed analysis of the TBP,
Page 147 and 148: The most popular practice in Gundur
Page 149 and 150: grazing lands and the consequent re
Page 151 and 152: do poor quality work. There IS gove
Page 153 and 154: the task of organizational and admi
Page 155 and 156: have merged the information from bo
Page 157 and 158: Three brothers working on leased la
Page 159: everyone individually chooses to ta
Page 163 and 164: water] The local leadership is not
Page 165 and 166: Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the
Page 167 and 168: In afocus group discussion one of t
Page 169 and 170: I In Gundur, women are members in t
Page 171 and 172: I It can be noted from Table 7.4 th
Page 173 and 174: I land and other farmers do not mak
Page 175 and 176: • that cattle do not damage the i
Page 177 and 178: I the existing situations of their
Page 179 and 180: I riding" has become a rational cho
Page 181 and 182: I customary nonns. Intangible benef
Page 183 and 184: I tennite mounds on fields. They be
Page 185 and 186: I Leadership The quality of leaders
Page 187 and 188: • One o{the office bearers commen
Page 189 and 190: • the causes for waterlogging and
Page 191 and 192: • keeping water cess books and bi
Page 193 and 194: • through strict rule enforcement
Page 195 and 196: • to improve the quality of the W
Page 197 and 198: collective management drainage. The
Page 199 and 200: PIM initiative did not originate in
Page 201 and 202: sustainability could be expected th
Page 203 and 204: Chapter 8 Impact of Water Users' As
Page 205 and 206: I examines the efficacy of fanners
Page 207 and 208: I is 2744.15 kg whereas in Hagedal
Page 209 and 210: lands in Gundur is more compared to
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Table 8.3: Estimated Production Fun
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decline by 2.5 percent in Gundur an
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In Gundur, farmers identified crop
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I Other key problems were the poor
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• Appendix 8.1: Water Availabilit
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• Chapter 9 Summary and Conclusio
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I In Hagedal, one of the sample vil
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I In irrigated fanning of the fanne
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I management practices evolved by W
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• comparable estimates, it would
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• PIM policy should not just stop
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References Abbasi~ S. A. 199} .. En
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Bre~e~·hJ· d S , Kolavalli. A. H.
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• Dhawan, B. D. 2002. Technologic
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Gmernment of India. Tenth Five- Yea
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Joshi. P. K. ,.1987. "Effect of Sur
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Maloney._ C and K. V. Raju. 1994. '
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Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of"Collec
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Reddy, t'vl. Venkata. 1996. "Tungab
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Sridharan. K. and S. Vedula. 1985.
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Wade, Robert. 1987 "Ma . '. . . . n
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