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I in yield. This may be due to different water management practices adopted in both the villages. In Gundur, it is the assurance and timeliness of supply of water by the WUA, which has enabled the farmers to use water according to the needs of the crop (see Table 7.6). In Hagedal, where there is no WUA, malfunctions regarding water use are rampant (see Table 7.7). This has not only created adverse effects for the soil but also leads to decline in yield in the affected soils. Table 8.4: Decomposition of Differences in Yields in Affected Lands and Good Lands into Affected Land and Input Changes in Gundur and Hagedal Source of change Gundur Hagedal I.Affected land -2.486 -1.004 2.Changes in input -9.59 -20.44 a. Seed -0.652 -13.189 b. Fertilizer 0.425 0.768 c.FYM 2.707 4.804 d. Zinc 0.759 -0.509 e. Irrigation 1.197 -1.96 f. Pesticide -14.023 -10.36 Total difference -12.07 -21.45 Further, to examint: the extent of impact of difference in land quality on the average yield, we have undertaken a decomposition analysis. Here we estimated equation (5) for both the villages. Since gypsum is used only in the affected lands, the production function has been I re-estimated for affected land for the purpose of the decomposition analysis. Given that the elasticity of gypsum was insignificant in both the villages, there was not much difference in the elasticity of other variables in the production function when it is excluded. With the help of the elasticities and the mean values of each variable we have decomposed the whole effect into land effect and input effect and these are presented in Table-8.4. It may be noted that the percentage decline in the yield from affected land in relation to the good land of Gundur (-12.07 percent) is less than Hagedal (-21.45 percent). This could be attributed to better water and land management in Gundur where the WUA is active. The impact of land quality on yield reduction, keeping inputs constant, is relatively high in Gundur (-2.5 percent) compared to Hagedal (-I percent). This indicates that with the same level of resources compared to waterlogging and salinity free areas, the gross output would 198
decline by 2.5 percent in Gundur and one percent in Hagedal. However, due to prudent usage of inputs, the overall decline in yield has been much lesE> in Gundur compared to Hagedal. In Gundur, the changes in input has accounted for a yield decline of -9.59 percent whereas in Hagedal it is -20.44 percent. One important point that emerges from the table is that the impact of irrigation in the affected land in relation to good land is positive in Gundur while it is negative in Hagedal. Economics of dcc production The results of protitability of rice production in both the villages are presented in Table- 8.5. The components included in costs of production are all agricultural inputs, namely: paid labor, irrigation fees plus the opportunity cost of family labor. In general, irrigated agriculture is protitable in both the villages in all kinds oflands. However, there is a higher loss in productinty and profitability in Hagedal than in Gundur where the WUA is active. Table 8.5: Costs and Net Revenue per Acre of Rice for Various Types of Lands - Gundur Hagedal Total [Yield Gross Net NI/TC Cost Yield Gross Net NIITC T~'pes of cost ~g! income incom~ land Ratio Rsl Kg! income Income ratio (TC) acre Rs/acre (NIl acre acre Rs/acre Rs/acre Normal land 12500 t2S50 22800 10300 0.824 12500 2775 22200 9700 0.776 Land atTected by mil( 12500 ~704 21632 9132 0.731 12500 2662 21296 8796 0.704 ~alinity Land atTected by moderate 13000 0325 18600 5600 0.431 12500 2220 17760 5260 0.421 salinity Land atTected by sever< 11000 1912 15296 4296 0.391 10000 1700 13600 3600 0.36 salinity Land atTecte( by mild 12500 P37 21R96 9396 0.752 12000 2625 21000 9000 0.75 waterlogging -- r----- Land affected by moderate 13500 t2437 19496 5996 0.444 13500 2369 18952 5452 0.404 waterlogging Land atTected by severe 10000 ~O62 16496 6496 0.649 10500 2025 16200 5700 0.543 waterlogging Source: Field wrvey. 199
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Water Users Association and Irrigat
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Phone: 91 080-23215468/5592/5519 FA
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grant was of great help in undertak
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LIST OF TABLES Page. No. 1.1: Outla
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8.3: Estimated Production Functions
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Chapter 1 Introduction The natural
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partition, 8.8 million hectares of
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levels. This is more so with major
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"twin problems" (Details of general
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~~~,~~ Figure 1.1 gives the data fr
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much lower at 1.6 million hectares
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Table 1.3: Incidence of Waterloggin
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as they severely limit the choice o
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water managers sometimes succumbed
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(Carruthus 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; F
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While some of the root causes contr
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Irrigation tends to artificially in
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Appendix 1.2: Important committees,
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degradation is more in the command
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The study by Abassi (1991) on the e
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account of irrigation development a
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without providing adequate canal se
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, Sathyanarayana et al. (200 I) doc
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in the operation and maintenance of
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waterlogging. The study emphasizes
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... The studies reviewed so far, cl
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to ensure greater production from l
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mentioned the effective training of
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Transfer of management for the 12,0
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Ahmad (2000) claimed that water sca
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Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology a
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components of the same l . The envi
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Table 3.1: Total Number of Farmers
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Secondary data have been collected
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Lowdennilk 1981). Bardhan (1984) an
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attempting to achieve collective be
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External conditions: Physical and t
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etc. It is a supply-oriented design
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Appendix 3.1: Salient Features of T
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Chapter 4 Profile of the Sample Vil
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Figure 4.3: Map of Gllndllr Village
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is used to supplement the canal wat
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It is interesting to note that leas
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Table 4.2: Caste-wise Distribution
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more land in the upper and middle r
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than 30 years experience (see Table
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Table 4.12: Distribution of Farmers
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cultivation in the upper and the mi
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Labor shortages are common at peak
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amount of RS.25 but during the year
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majority of the sample fanners are
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I. To introduce a schedule of water
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Rule Enforcement .:. The Associatio
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Chapter 5 Farmers' Knowledge and Pe
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transect walks which revealed that
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consumption which are known to be s
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should be noted that these lands ha
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their lands fully, while some suffe
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management strategies and type of c
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d · 15 degra at IOn . ill Hagedal,
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cropping and intensive irrigation o
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Farmers knowledge of the proposed c
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Reasons for violation In both the v
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mild waterlogging and were not cult
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1 0 increasing susceptibility of cr
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of a water intensive crop. The exce
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over irrigate their fields. There a
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depends on the provision of opportu
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The next most frequently used strat
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irrigation channels is the responsi
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the field than needed as insurance
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of the irrigation fields are kept i
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In a detailed analysis of the TBP,
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The most popular practice in Gundur
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grazing lands and the consequent re
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do poor quality work. There IS gove
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the task of organizational and admi
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have merged the information from bo
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Three brothers working on leased la
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everyone individually chooses to ta
Page 161 and 162: irrigation officials who exercised
Page 163 and 164: water] The local leadership is not
Page 165 and 166: Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the
Page 167 and 168: In afocus group discussion one of t
Page 169 and 170: I In Gundur, women are members in t
Page 171 and 172: I It can be noted from Table 7.4 th
Page 173 and 174: I land and other farmers do not mak
Page 175 and 176: • that cattle do not damage the i
Page 177 and 178: I the existing situations of their
Page 179 and 180: I riding" has become a rational cho
Page 181 and 182: I customary nonns. Intangible benef
Page 183 and 184: I tennite mounds on fields. They be
Page 185 and 186: I Leadership The quality of leaders
Page 187 and 188: • One o{the office bearers commen
Page 189 and 190: • the causes for waterlogging and
Page 191 and 192: • keeping water cess books and bi
Page 193 and 194: • through strict rule enforcement
Page 195 and 196: • to improve the quality of the W
Page 197 and 198: collective management drainage. The
Page 199 and 200: PIM initiative did not originate in
Page 201 and 202: sustainability could be expected th
Page 203 and 204: Chapter 8 Impact of Water Users' As
Page 205 and 206: I examines the efficacy of fanners
Page 207 and 208: I is 2744.15 kg whereas in Hagedal
Page 209 and 210: lands in Gundur is more compared to
Page 211: Table 8.3: Estimated Production Fun
Page 215 and 216: In Gundur, farmers identified crop
Page 217 and 218: I Other key problems were the poor
Page 219 and 220: • Appendix 8.1: Water Availabilit
Page 221 and 222: • Chapter 9 Summary and Conclusio
Page 223 and 224: I In Hagedal, one of the sample vil
Page 225 and 226: I In irrigated fanning of the fanne
Page 227 and 228: I management practices evolved by W
Page 229 and 230: • comparable estimates, it would
Page 231 and 232: • PIM policy should not just stop
Page 233 and 234: References Abbasi~ S. A. 199} .. En
Page 235 and 236: Bre~e~·hJ· d S , Kolavalli. A. H.
Page 237 and 238: • Dhawan, B. D. 2002. Technologic
Page 239 and 240: Gmernment of India. Tenth Five- Yea
Page 241 and 242: Joshi. P. K. ,.1987. "Effect of Sur
Page 243 and 244: Maloney._ C and K. V. Raju. 1994. '
Page 245 and 246: Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of"Collec
Page 247 and 248: Reddy, t'vl. Venkata. 1996. "Tungab
Page 249 and 250: Sridharan. K. and S. Vedula. 1985.
Page 251 and 252: Wade, Robert. 1987 "Ma . '. . . . n
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