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any regulatory or imposing bodies and how they become active players in creating a new social and physical environment even when they have to operate within a context that is partially of their own making. Further, the issues of internalizing negative externalities in the absence of a collective action are explored. We are trying to contrast the case of an existing WUA with that ofa no-WUA scenario. In the former case, the WUA takes over water distribution. In the later case, control continues to lie outside the farmers i.e., with the agency, both technically and institutionally. The intention is to map as comprehensively as possible the set of practices, relations and the institutions that the farmers are engaged and embedded in and how these relations have an effect not only on the resource used but also on the immediate physical environment. Tungabhadra irrigation project The Tungabhadra Project (TBP), a large-scale irrigation system is constructed in the Raichur district of Karnataka and is functioning since 1953. It was initiated to protect rain fed crops and population in this area against drought and famines. The irrigation method used is the gravity surface system and water is used for irrigation, drinking and sanitation. Tungabhadra command encompasses 597 villages and roughly II lakh people are dependent on this project, which is intended to irrigate an area of 3.63 lakh hectares in the drought prone areas of Raichur, Koppal and Bellary districts of Karnataka state and 1.49 lakh hectares in Anantpur, Cuddapah and Kurnool districts of Andhra Pradesh. Hence, this is an interstate project of the Government of Karnataka and the Government of Andhra Pradesh. The salient features ofTBP are presented in the Appendix-3.1. Tungabhadra Project is a "protective irrigation" system. This means that the water supplies are very limited and do not permit irrigation of all the land with a full crop requirement, neither in Kharif 4 nor in Rabi 5 This is realized by localizing the area, which means that in certain areas only certain crops may be grown. On the basis of the localized cropping pattern, the target flows for the canals and outlets are determined. Hence, the emphasis is on the cultivation of light irrigated crops like cotton, maize, jowar, sorghum, ragi, bajra, 4 First season of the agricultural year. Mungaaru in Kannada. 5 Second season of the agricultural year. Hingaaru in Kannada. 64
etc. It is a supply-oriented design and the supply is proportionate to the size of the landholding. So the localization policy does not pennit fanners to take the freedom of crop choices. The intention is to spread water thinly to as many villages as possible, in order to benefit as many fanners as possible, instead of providing fewer fanners with full supplies. Theretore. the primary objective is not a maximum agricultural production, but rather protection against total crop failure. Figure 3.4: Location of the Tungabhadra Left Bank Canal Irrigation System in Karnataka State TUNGABHADRA PHOJECT KARNATAKA 097 ANDHRA PRADESH ) Many scholars and others belonging to different disciplines have done numerous and different studies depending upon their aims and approaches on the TBP since its inception. Government reports have also dealt with various issues in relation to the project. Starting from general infonnation (Thirumalai 1945; Gopalan 1934; Kosnam 1952; Lakshminarayana 1990; Rao & Sundar 1984; TIPP-I1 1998; MadarkaI 1970; GOAP 1959 & 1960), water and land utilixation (Sen & Das 1986), irrigated agriculture and economic 65
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Water Users Association and Irrigat
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Phone: 91 080-23215468/5592/5519 FA
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grant was of great help in undertak
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LIST OF TABLES Page. No. 1.1: Outla
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8.3: Estimated Production Functions
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Chapter 1 Introduction The natural
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partition, 8.8 million hectares of
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levels. This is more so with major
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"twin problems" (Details of general
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~~~,~~ Figure 1.1 gives the data fr
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much lower at 1.6 million hectares
Page 23 and 24: Table 1.3: Incidence of Waterloggin
Page 25 and 26: as they severely limit the choice o
Page 27 and 28: water managers sometimes succumbed
Page 29 and 30: (Carruthus 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; F
Page 31 and 32: While some of the root causes contr
Page 33 and 34: Irrigation tends to artificially in
Page 35 and 36: Appendix 1.2: Important committees,
Page 37 and 38: degradation is more in the command
Page 39 and 40: The study by Abassi (1991) on the e
Page 41 and 42: account of irrigation development a
Page 43 and 44: without providing adequate canal se
Page 45 and 46: , Sathyanarayana et al. (200 I) doc
Page 47 and 48: in the operation and maintenance of
Page 49 and 50: waterlogging. The study emphasizes
Page 51 and 52: ... The studies reviewed so far, cl
Page 53 and 54: to ensure greater production from l
Page 55 and 56: mentioned the effective training of
Page 57 and 58: Transfer of management for the 12,0
Page 59 and 60: Ahmad (2000) claimed that water sca
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology a
Page 63 and 64: components of the same l . The envi
Page 65 and 66: Table 3.1: Total Number of Farmers
Page 67 and 68: Secondary data have been collected
Page 69 and 70: Lowdennilk 1981). Bardhan (1984) an
Page 71 and 72: attempting to achieve collective be
Page 73: External conditions: Physical and t
Page 77 and 78: Appendix 3.1: Salient Features of T
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 4 Profile of the Sample Vil
Page 81 and 82: Figure 4.3: Map of Gllndllr Village
Page 83 and 84: is used to supplement the canal wat
Page 85 and 86: It is interesting to note that leas
Page 87 and 88: Table 4.2: Caste-wise Distribution
Page 89 and 90: more land in the upper and middle r
Page 91 and 92: than 30 years experience (see Table
Page 93 and 94: Table 4.12: Distribution of Farmers
Page 95 and 96: cultivation in the upper and the mi
Page 97 and 98: Labor shortages are common at peak
Page 99 and 100: amount of RS.25 but during the year
Page 101 and 102: majority of the sample fanners are
Page 103 and 104: I. To introduce a schedule of water
Page 105 and 106: Rule Enforcement .:. The Associatio
Page 107 and 108: Chapter 5 Farmers' Knowledge and Pe
Page 109 and 110: transect walks which revealed that
Page 111 and 112: consumption which are known to be s
Page 113 and 114: should be noted that these lands ha
Page 115 and 116: their lands fully, while some suffe
Page 117 and 118: management strategies and type of c
Page 119 and 120: d · 15 degra at IOn . ill Hagedal,
Page 121 and 122: cropping and intensive irrigation o
Page 123 and 124: Farmers knowledge of the proposed c
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Reasons for violation In both the v
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mild waterlogging and were not cult
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1 0 increasing susceptibility of cr
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of a water intensive crop. The exce
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over irrigate their fields. There a
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depends on the provision of opportu
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The next most frequently used strat
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irrigation channels is the responsi
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the field than needed as insurance
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of the irrigation fields are kept i
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In a detailed analysis of the TBP,
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The most popular practice in Gundur
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grazing lands and the consequent re
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do poor quality work. There IS gove
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the task of organizational and admi
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have merged the information from bo
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Three brothers working on leased la
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everyone individually chooses to ta
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irrigation officials who exercised
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water] The local leadership is not
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Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the
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In afocus group discussion one of t
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I In Gundur, women are members in t
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I It can be noted from Table 7.4 th
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I land and other farmers do not mak
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• that cattle do not damage the i
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I the existing situations of their
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I riding" has become a rational cho
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I customary nonns. Intangible benef
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I tennite mounds on fields. They be
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I Leadership The quality of leaders
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• One o{the office bearers commen
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• the causes for waterlogging and
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• keeping water cess books and bi
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• through strict rule enforcement
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• to improve the quality of the W
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collective management drainage. The
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PIM initiative did not originate in
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sustainability could be expected th
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Chapter 8 Impact of Water Users' As
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I examines the efficacy of fanners
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I is 2744.15 kg whereas in Hagedal
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lands in Gundur is more compared to
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Table 8.3: Estimated Production Fun
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decline by 2.5 percent in Gundur an
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In Gundur, farmers identified crop
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I Other key problems were the poor
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• Appendix 8.1: Water Availabilit
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• Chapter 9 Summary and Conclusio
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I In Hagedal, one of the sample vil
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I In irrigated fanning of the fanne
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I management practices evolved by W
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• comparable estimates, it would
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• PIM policy should not just stop
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References Abbasi~ S. A. 199} .. En
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Bre~e~·hJ· d S , Kolavalli. A. H.
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• Dhawan, B. D. 2002. Technologic
Page 239 and 240:
Gmernment of India. Tenth Five- Yea
Page 241 and 242:
Joshi. P. K. ,.1987. "Effect of Sur
Page 243 and 244:
Maloney._ C and K. V. Raju. 1994. '
Page 245 and 246:
Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of"Collec
Page 247 and 248:
Reddy, t'vl. Venkata. 1996. "Tungab
Page 249 and 250:
Sridharan. K. and S. Vedula. 1985.
Page 251 and 252:
Wade, Robert. 1987 "Ma . '. . . . n
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