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i demand compared to other varieties; however, the cost of cultivation is also quite high. It is used for both commercial purpose and home consumption. December to January: Crops are harvested, threshed, marketed and stored. Lands are generally kept fallow during this period and cattle are grazed on crop stubble. Cleaning of watercourse and drainage are undertaken and farmers normally carry out land improvement techniques during this period. HinKaaru (Rabi) (February to Apri/): This is the second season of the abrricultural year and early maturing second quality of paddy known as 'Yerramalli' and 'Sujatha' are grown during this period. This variety requires fewer inputs in terms of fertilizer, pesticides and lahor than 'Sona mussorie'. It is used only for commercial purposes. J/ay to June: Canal closure period 2 . undertakes canal repair works. The Irrigation Department during this period It can be seen Irom table 4.13 that violation of cropping pattern and unauthorized cultivation is a common feature in both the villages. Farmers in both the villages grow two irrigated paddy crops per year. It is mainly due to Andhra farmers who have been growing paddy in those areas localized lor light crops. However, by and large the Kannada farmers have adopted tht: cropping practices of the neighboring Andhra farmers and have started growing paddy that is now integrated into their farming system. Further, to hasten the development of the command area during the fifties and early sixties. the authorities themselves encouraged crop violation by permitting the growing of paddy in dry irrigated lands. They were cncouraged to do so in order to make good use of the then abundantly available water bccause only part of the scheme had been completed. Even after completion of the scheme, the rules of protective irrigation have been completely forgotten both by the agency and the farmers. The project that was designed to irrigate semi-dry crops that were to occupy more than 60 percent of its command area is now dominated by ponded paddy , The opening and closure of the canal depends on the reservoir capacity. The minimum water level required for opening the gates is 1619. n feet. Sometimes the gates are opened for more days than actually notified. This enables the tail enders to get water since the upper and middle reach farmers would have used water sufficiently. 84
cultivation in the upper and the middle reaches. Hugar (1997) compares the distribution of water in the Tungabhadra Command area, and finds that the observed distribution is far ditTerent from the localization specified for the project. Instead of single season supplementary irrigation of crops like sorghum, millet and groundnut, there IS a high incidence of double cropping and intensive and extensive irrigation of paddy. Table 4.13: Crops Grown, Crop Localization, Unauthorization, and Violation in Gundur and Hagedal (Area in acres) Crops Grown Hal!:edal Gundur Paddy 995.29 762.04 Sugarcane Light Cotton 2.00 Garden 4.30 2.20 Total 1000.19 766.24 Crop localization Paddy 320.01 163.12 Kharif 165.37 236.35 Rabi 164.21 172.10 Cotton 104.14 125.06 Garden Total 754.33 695.23 Unauthorized cultivation Paddy 246.28 210.26 Sugarcane Light Cotton 2.00 Garden 4.30 Total 251.18 202.26 Crop violation Paddy 246.28 411.15 Sugarcane Light Cotton Garden 2.20 Total 246.28 413.36 Source: No.3 J DIstnbutary Sub DIVISIOn, KaratagJ. In the study villages, rain-fed agriculture is also practiced but on a very much smaller scale. The crops /:,'Town under raIn- . fi e d con d' ltIOns . are b aJr, . a J'()war and sorgum and the rain-fed 85
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Water Users Association and Irrigat
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Phone: 91 080-23215468/5592/5519 FA
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grant was of great help in undertak
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LIST OF TABLES Page. No. 1.1: Outla
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8.3: Estimated Production Functions
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Chapter 1 Introduction The natural
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partition, 8.8 million hectares of
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levels. This is more so with major
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"twin problems" (Details of general
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~~~,~~ Figure 1.1 gives the data fr
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much lower at 1.6 million hectares
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Table 1.3: Incidence of Waterloggin
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as they severely limit the choice o
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water managers sometimes succumbed
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(Carruthus 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; F
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While some of the root causes contr
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Irrigation tends to artificially in
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Appendix 1.2: Important committees,
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degradation is more in the command
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The study by Abassi (1991) on the e
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account of irrigation development a
Page 43 and 44: without providing adequate canal se
Page 45 and 46: , Sathyanarayana et al. (200 I) doc
Page 47 and 48: in the operation and maintenance of
Page 49 and 50: waterlogging. The study emphasizes
Page 51 and 52: ... The studies reviewed so far, cl
Page 53 and 54: to ensure greater production from l
Page 55 and 56: mentioned the effective training of
Page 57 and 58: Transfer of management for the 12,0
Page 59 and 60: Ahmad (2000) claimed that water sca
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology a
Page 63 and 64: components of the same l . The envi
Page 65 and 66: Table 3.1: Total Number of Farmers
Page 67 and 68: Secondary data have been collected
Page 69 and 70: Lowdennilk 1981). Bardhan (1984) an
Page 71 and 72: attempting to achieve collective be
Page 73 and 74: External conditions: Physical and t
Page 75 and 76: etc. It is a supply-oriented design
Page 77 and 78: Appendix 3.1: Salient Features of T
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 4 Profile of the Sample Vil
Page 81 and 82: Figure 4.3: Map of Gllndllr Village
Page 83 and 84: is used to supplement the canal wat
Page 85 and 86: It is interesting to note that leas
Page 87 and 88: Table 4.2: Caste-wise Distribution
Page 89 and 90: more land in the upper and middle r
Page 91 and 92: than 30 years experience (see Table
Page 93: Table 4.12: Distribution of Farmers
Page 97 and 98: Labor shortages are common at peak
Page 99 and 100: amount of RS.25 but during the year
Page 101 and 102: majority of the sample fanners are
Page 103 and 104: I. To introduce a schedule of water
Page 105 and 106: Rule Enforcement .:. The Associatio
Page 107 and 108: Chapter 5 Farmers' Knowledge and Pe
Page 109 and 110: transect walks which revealed that
Page 111 and 112: consumption which are known to be s
Page 113 and 114: should be noted that these lands ha
Page 115 and 116: their lands fully, while some suffe
Page 117 and 118: management strategies and type of c
Page 119 and 120: d · 15 degra at IOn . ill Hagedal,
Page 121 and 122: cropping and intensive irrigation o
Page 123 and 124: Farmers knowledge of the proposed c
Page 125 and 126: Reasons for violation In both the v
Page 127 and 128: mild waterlogging and were not cult
Page 129 and 130: 1 0 increasing susceptibility of cr
Page 131 and 132: of a water intensive crop. The exce
Page 133 and 134: over irrigate their fields. There a
Page 135 and 136: depends on the provision of opportu
Page 137 and 138: The next most frequently used strat
Page 139 and 140: irrigation channels is the responsi
Page 141 and 142: the field than needed as insurance
Page 143 and 144: of the irrigation fields are kept i
Page 145 and 146:
In a detailed analysis of the TBP,
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The most popular practice in Gundur
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grazing lands and the consequent re
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do poor quality work. There IS gove
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the task of organizational and admi
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have merged the information from bo
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Three brothers working on leased la
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everyone individually chooses to ta
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irrigation officials who exercised
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water] The local leadership is not
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Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the
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In afocus group discussion one of t
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I In Gundur, women are members in t
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I It can be noted from Table 7.4 th
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I land and other farmers do not mak
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• that cattle do not damage the i
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I the existing situations of their
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I riding" has become a rational cho
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I customary nonns. Intangible benef
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I tennite mounds on fields. They be
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I Leadership The quality of leaders
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• One o{the office bearers commen
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• the causes for waterlogging and
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• keeping water cess books and bi
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• through strict rule enforcement
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• to improve the quality of the W
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collective management drainage. The
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PIM initiative did not originate in
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sustainability could be expected th
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Chapter 8 Impact of Water Users' As
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I examines the efficacy of fanners
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I is 2744.15 kg whereas in Hagedal
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lands in Gundur is more compared to
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Table 8.3: Estimated Production Fun
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decline by 2.5 percent in Gundur an
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In Gundur, farmers identified crop
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I Other key problems were the poor
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• Appendix 8.1: Water Availabilit
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• Chapter 9 Summary and Conclusio
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I In Hagedal, one of the sample vil
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I In irrigated fanning of the fanne
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I management practices evolved by W
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• comparable estimates, it would
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• PIM policy should not just stop
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References Abbasi~ S. A. 199} .. En
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Bre~e~·hJ· d S , Kolavalli. A. H.
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• Dhawan, B. D. 2002. Technologic
Page 239 and 240:
Gmernment of India. Tenth Five- Yea
Page 241 and 242:
Joshi. P. K. ,.1987. "Effect of Sur
Page 243 and 244:
Maloney._ C and K. V. Raju. 1994. '
Page 245 and 246:
Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of"Collec
Page 247 and 248:
Reddy, t'vl. Venkata. 1996. "Tungab
Page 249 and 250:
Sridharan. K. and S. Vedula. 1985.
Page 251 and 252:
Wade, Robert. 1987 "Ma . '. . . . n
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