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Even as the need to improve water use efficiency is generally recognized in the current PIM programme occurring in the state, maintenance of drainage has not yet been clearly incorporated into the concept of integrated water resources management. The WUA should also be encouraged to take up the activities of drainage maintenance, which is of utmost importance given the problems of waterlogging and salinity in the upper and middle reaches of the TBP. Government has to playa prominent role in investment and in the setting of both technical and institutional framework for drainage management. The on-gOIng PIM program in TBP is faced with challenges such as unauthorized cultivation, violation of cropping pattern, water theft and illegal diversion of water, deprivation of water for tail reach farmers, deteriorated infrastructure, etc. These factors are posing problem for the proposed volumetric supply of water and thereby the effective formation ofWUAs. 188
Chapter 8 Impact of Water Users' Association The previous chapters have dealt in detail with the causes for waterlogging and salinity in the study villages and the various strategies adopted by stakeholders to mitigate the adverse effects. Given the farmers dependence on irrigated farming, this chapter attempts to analyse the impact of salinity and waterlogging on rice production and the role of the WUA in improving crop yields. The approach Several analytical approaches have been used to assess the impact of soil salinity on output. Pincock (1969) used the whole farm budget to analyse the impact of salinity on net farm income. Hussein & Young (1985), Joshi (1987) and Joshi et al. (1994) have estimated the crop losses due to soil salinity using the production function approach in India. While Hussein & Young used electrical conductivity as one of the explanatory variables, Joshi (1987) estimated the impact on crop yield using a dummy variable for soil salinity level. Byerlee & Ali (2000) and Faruqcc (1995) have explored interlinkages between land use behavior and farm productivity in Pakistan. In our study, the empirical analysis has been carried out in three stages. In the first stage', to examine the de.6'fee of relationship between inputs and output we estimate the correlation coefficient. [n the second stage, we have adopted the Cobb-Douglas type productionfunction approach to determine the impact of soil salinity and waterlogging on yield levels of paddy. This analysis, therefore, examines land degradation in terms of loss of farm productivity (i.e. in reduced paddy yield). Finally in the third stage, the production functions have been used to analyse the impact of changes in inputs and quality of land on the changes in the yield with the help of a decomposition analysis!. 1 D ecomposl 'I' Ion ana I" YSls IS a mathematl'cal technique that could " disaggregate and quantify '. a difference in an b bl t 'tat' iable into its components, More SImply, the techmque proVIdes a method to o serva e quan lIve var " ,,' h d 'h ". , 'fy h ' 'f: t S ofa dl'f~erence quantI t e mtervemng ac or. " such as "before and after or WIt an WIt out SItuatIOn, 189
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Water Users Association and Irrigat
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Phone: 91 080-23215468/5592/5519 FA
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grant was of great help in undertak
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LIST OF TABLES Page. No. 1.1: Outla
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8.3: Estimated Production Functions
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Chapter 1 Introduction The natural
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partition, 8.8 million hectares of
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levels. This is more so with major
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"twin problems" (Details of general
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~~~,~~ Figure 1.1 gives the data fr
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much lower at 1.6 million hectares
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Table 1.3: Incidence of Waterloggin
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as they severely limit the choice o
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water managers sometimes succumbed
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(Carruthus 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; F
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While some of the root causes contr
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Irrigation tends to artificially in
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Appendix 1.2: Important committees,
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degradation is more in the command
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The study by Abassi (1991) on the e
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account of irrigation development a
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without providing adequate canal se
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, Sathyanarayana et al. (200 I) doc
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in the operation and maintenance of
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waterlogging. The study emphasizes
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... The studies reviewed so far, cl
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to ensure greater production from l
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mentioned the effective training of
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Transfer of management for the 12,0
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Ahmad (2000) claimed that water sca
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Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology a
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components of the same l . The envi
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Table 3.1: Total Number of Farmers
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Secondary data have been collected
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Lowdennilk 1981). Bardhan (1984) an
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attempting to achieve collective be
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External conditions: Physical and t
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etc. It is a supply-oriented design
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Appendix 3.1: Salient Features of T
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Chapter 4 Profile of the Sample Vil
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Figure 4.3: Map of Gllndllr Village
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is used to supplement the canal wat
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It is interesting to note that leas
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Table 4.2: Caste-wise Distribution
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more land in the upper and middle r
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than 30 years experience (see Table
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Table 4.12: Distribution of Farmers
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cultivation in the upper and the mi
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Labor shortages are common at peak
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amount of RS.25 but during the year
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majority of the sample fanners are
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I. To introduce a schedule of water
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Rule Enforcement .:. The Associatio
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Chapter 5 Farmers' Knowledge and Pe
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transect walks which revealed that
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consumption which are known to be s
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should be noted that these lands ha
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their lands fully, while some suffe
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management strategies and type of c
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d · 15 degra at IOn . ill Hagedal,
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cropping and intensive irrigation o
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Farmers knowledge of the proposed c
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Reasons for violation In both the v
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mild waterlogging and were not cult
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1 0 increasing susceptibility of cr
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of a water intensive crop. The exce
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over irrigate their fields. There a
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depends on the provision of opportu
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The next most frequently used strat
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irrigation channels is the responsi
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the field than needed as insurance
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of the irrigation fields are kept i
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In a detailed analysis of the TBP,
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The most popular practice in Gundur
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grazing lands and the consequent re
Page 151 and 152: do poor quality work. There IS gove
Page 153 and 154: the task of organizational and admi
Page 155 and 156: have merged the information from bo
Page 157 and 158: Three brothers working on leased la
Page 159 and 160: everyone individually chooses to ta
Page 161 and 162: irrigation officials who exercised
Page 163 and 164: water] The local leadership is not
Page 165 and 166: Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the
Page 167 and 168: In afocus group discussion one of t
Page 169 and 170: I In Gundur, women are members in t
Page 171 and 172: I It can be noted from Table 7.4 th
Page 173 and 174: I land and other farmers do not mak
Page 175 and 176: • that cattle do not damage the i
Page 177 and 178: I the existing situations of their
Page 179 and 180: I riding" has become a rational cho
Page 181 and 182: I customary nonns. Intangible benef
Page 183 and 184: I tennite mounds on fields. They be
Page 185 and 186: I Leadership The quality of leaders
Page 187 and 188: • One o{the office bearers commen
Page 189 and 190: • the causes for waterlogging and
Page 191 and 192: • keeping water cess books and bi
Page 193 and 194: • through strict rule enforcement
Page 195 and 196: • to improve the quality of the W
Page 197 and 198: collective management drainage. The
Page 199 and 200: PIM initiative did not originate in
Page 201: sustainability could be expected th
Page 205 and 206: I examines the efficacy of fanners
Page 207 and 208: I is 2744.15 kg whereas in Hagedal
Page 209 and 210: lands in Gundur is more compared to
Page 211 and 212: Table 8.3: Estimated Production Fun
Page 213 and 214: decline by 2.5 percent in Gundur an
Page 215 and 216: In Gundur, farmers identified crop
Page 217 and 218: I Other key problems were the poor
Page 219 and 220: • Appendix 8.1: Water Availabilit
Page 221 and 222: • Chapter 9 Summary and Conclusio
Page 223 and 224: I In Hagedal, one of the sample vil
Page 225 and 226: I In irrigated fanning of the fanne
Page 227 and 228: I management practices evolved by W
Page 229 and 230: • comparable estimates, it would
Page 231 and 232: • PIM policy should not just stop
Page 233 and 234: References Abbasi~ S. A. 199} .. En
Page 235 and 236: Bre~e~·hJ· d S , Kolavalli. A. H.
Page 237 and 238: • Dhawan, B. D. 2002. Technologic
Page 239 and 240: Gmernment of India. Tenth Five- Yea
Page 241 and 242: Joshi. P. K. ,.1987. "Effect of Sur
Page 243 and 244: Maloney._ C and K. V. Raju. 1994. '
Page 245 and 246: Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of"Collec
Page 247 and 248: Reddy, t'vl. Venkata. 1996. "Tungab
Page 249 and 250: Sridharan. K. and S. Vedula. 1985.
Page 251 and 252: Wade, Robert. 1987 "Ma . '. . . . n
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