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spots becomes necessary where the potential to Increase seepage and the consequent waterlogging and salinity is high. Soil conservation pro!(ramsl Land reclamation In the Tungabhadra command area, about 53,4 I 5 hectares are affected by waterlogging, alkalinity and salinity out of which 21.202.86 hectares are waterlogged, 26,0 I 8.59 hectares are atlected by salinity and 6194 hectares are affected by alkalinity. Since the inception of CADA in 1980, 3078 hectares are reclaimed which include 2143 hectares of saline atlected lands and 935 hectares of waterlogged area. Again, an area of 212.00 hectares was reclaimed in distributary 36 in 1997 under the Indo Dutch proi,'Tam known as the Tungabhadra Irrigation Pilot Project Phase II. In 1999, there was a budget provision of Rs. 30 lakhs to reclaim ISO hectares of affected lands. But the program could not be implemented during the year since the approval trom the government was not received in time. In Gundur and Hagedal, it is beyond individual farmers to reclaim the lands that have gone out of production due to salinity. Even in Gundur, the WUA cannot do much to remove salts from the soil, since it would prove very costly. In these areas, agency intervention is required to reclaim the affected soils and ifno remedial measures are taken lands may be abandoned. Reclamation of waterlogged and saline areas is included in the central scheme and most of the time due to delay in availability of funds or due to non-availability of adequate funds, the proi,'Tess is very slow. Even in places where land reclamation activities were carried out a top down approach was followed. The pro!,'Tams did not emphasize the importance of community involvement at all levels including problem identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Many a time the assessment of waterlogging and saline areas is based on virtual inspection, and there are hardly adequate facilities for testing the micro nutrient status of the soils. The land reclamation activity of CAD A has to be changed from a mere technical-fix approach to an approach where farmers participate in the planning and implementation process. CADA wa, constituted in TBP in 1970 to reduce the gap between the irrigation potential created and utilized and to increase production per unit of water and land. It is entrusted with 141
the task of organizational and administrative co-ordination between the various departments namely. irrigation. agriculture. co-operation and marketing and other constitutions engaged in training ,md research activities. CADA has had a positive impact by way of better utilization of the potential created. increase in irrigation intensity. increase in agricultural production and productiyity due to the introduction of high efficiency crops and increase in the use of fertilizers and better variety of seeds. Land reclamation activities of C ADA to some extent ha\'e brought ahout some improvement in farm income. On-farm development work is by far the most important function of CADA. which is of fundamental importance in hridging the gap between the creation and utilization of irrigation potential. Howner. the pro~'[ess of tield canals was slow mainly due to inadequate funding by the state go\ernment. realignment of field boundaries and consolidation of holdings also did not pick up. HIgh water use crops like paddy and sugarcane has increased in the head and middle reach and ('ADA was not successful in preventing violation of cropping pattern. The experience WIth on-tillm drainage is not very encouraging. Due to neglect of main drains. tield drains were not effectiye in preventing waterlogging and salinity. Some crucial disciplines like a~'TOl]()my. social sciences. etc. are not inducted into thc management. Extension sefyice has faIled to address the problems of mismanagement of water along with soIl conse[\atlOn measures, Another area that calls for action is the extension services and management of demonstratIon timl1s. According to Singh (I
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Water Users Association and Irrigat
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Phone: 91 080-23215468/5592/5519 FA
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grant was of great help in undertak
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LIST OF TABLES Page. No. 1.1: Outla
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8.3: Estimated Production Functions
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Chapter 1 Introduction The natural
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partition, 8.8 million hectares of
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levels. This is more so with major
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"twin problems" (Details of general
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~~~,~~ Figure 1.1 gives the data fr
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much lower at 1.6 million hectares
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Table 1.3: Incidence of Waterloggin
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as they severely limit the choice o
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water managers sometimes succumbed
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(Carruthus 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; F
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While some of the root causes contr
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Irrigation tends to artificially in
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Appendix 1.2: Important committees,
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degradation is more in the command
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The study by Abassi (1991) on the e
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account of irrigation development a
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without providing adequate canal se
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, Sathyanarayana et al. (200 I) doc
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in the operation and maintenance of
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waterlogging. The study emphasizes
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... The studies reviewed so far, cl
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to ensure greater production from l
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mentioned the effective training of
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Transfer of management for the 12,0
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Ahmad (2000) claimed that water sca
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Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology a
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components of the same l . The envi
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Table 3.1: Total Number of Farmers
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Secondary data have been collected
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Lowdennilk 1981). Bardhan (1984) an
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attempting to achieve collective be
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External conditions: Physical and t
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etc. It is a supply-oriented design
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Appendix 3.1: Salient Features of T
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Chapter 4 Profile of the Sample Vil
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Figure 4.3: Map of Gllndllr Village
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is used to supplement the canal wat
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It is interesting to note that leas
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Table 4.2: Caste-wise Distribution
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more land in the upper and middle r
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than 30 years experience (see Table
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Table 4.12: Distribution of Farmers
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cultivation in the upper and the mi
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Labor shortages are common at peak
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amount of RS.25 but during the year
Page 101 and 102: majority of the sample fanners are
Page 103 and 104: I. To introduce a schedule of water
Page 105 and 106: Rule Enforcement .:. The Associatio
Page 107 and 108: Chapter 5 Farmers' Knowledge and Pe
Page 109 and 110: transect walks which revealed that
Page 111 and 112: consumption which are known to be s
Page 113 and 114: should be noted that these lands ha
Page 115 and 116: their lands fully, while some suffe
Page 117 and 118: management strategies and type of c
Page 119 and 120: d · 15 degra at IOn . ill Hagedal,
Page 121 and 122: cropping and intensive irrigation o
Page 123 and 124: Farmers knowledge of the proposed c
Page 125 and 126: Reasons for violation In both the v
Page 127 and 128: mild waterlogging and were not cult
Page 129 and 130: 1 0 increasing susceptibility of cr
Page 131 and 132: of a water intensive crop. The exce
Page 133 and 134: over irrigate their fields. There a
Page 135 and 136: depends on the provision of opportu
Page 137 and 138: The next most frequently used strat
Page 139 and 140: irrigation channels is the responsi
Page 141 and 142: the field than needed as insurance
Page 143 and 144: of the irrigation fields are kept i
Page 145 and 146: In a detailed analysis of the TBP,
Page 147 and 148: The most popular practice in Gundur
Page 149 and 150: grazing lands and the consequent re
Page 151: do poor quality work. There IS gove
Page 155 and 156: have merged the information from bo
Page 157 and 158: Three brothers working on leased la
Page 159 and 160: everyone individually chooses to ta
Page 161 and 162: irrigation officials who exercised
Page 163 and 164: water] The local leadership is not
Page 165 and 166: Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the
Page 167 and 168: In afocus group discussion one of t
Page 169 and 170: I In Gundur, women are members in t
Page 171 and 172: I It can be noted from Table 7.4 th
Page 173 and 174: I land and other farmers do not mak
Page 175 and 176: • that cattle do not damage the i
Page 177 and 178: I the existing situations of their
Page 179 and 180: I riding" has become a rational cho
Page 181 and 182: I customary nonns. Intangible benef
Page 183 and 184: I tennite mounds on fields. They be
Page 185 and 186: I Leadership The quality of leaders
Page 187 and 188: • One o{the office bearers commen
Page 189 and 190: • the causes for waterlogging and
Page 191 and 192: • keeping water cess books and bi
Page 193 and 194: • through strict rule enforcement
Page 195 and 196: • to improve the quality of the W
Page 197 and 198: collective management drainage. The
Page 199 and 200: PIM initiative did not originate in
Page 201 and 202: sustainability could be expected th
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Chapter 8 Impact of Water Users' As
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I examines the efficacy of fanners
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I is 2744.15 kg whereas in Hagedal
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lands in Gundur is more compared to
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Table 8.3: Estimated Production Fun
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decline by 2.5 percent in Gundur an
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In Gundur, farmers identified crop
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I Other key problems were the poor
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• Appendix 8.1: Water Availabilit
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• Chapter 9 Summary and Conclusio
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I In Hagedal, one of the sample vil
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I In irrigated fanning of the fanne
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I management practices evolved by W
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• comparable estimates, it would
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• PIM policy should not just stop
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References Abbasi~ S. A. 199} .. En
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Bre~e~·hJ· d S , Kolavalli. A. H.
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• Dhawan, B. D. 2002. Technologic
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Gmernment of India. Tenth Five- Yea
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Joshi. P. K. ,.1987. "Effect of Sur
Page 243 and 244:
Maloney._ C and K. V. Raju. 1994. '
Page 245 and 246:
Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of"Collec
Page 247 and 248:
Reddy, t'vl. Venkata. 1996. "Tungab
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Sridharan. K. and S. Vedula. 1985.
Page 251 and 252:
Wade, Robert. 1987 "Ma . '. . . . n
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