Water Users Association and Irrigation Management - Institute for ...

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I by the agency and consequent undependable supply of water for irrigation. There is corruption in the award and execution of construction contracts and they expressed that they cannot in fairness be expected to pay for those costs. Fanners who paid water charges on time complained about the preferential treatment showed by the agency towards certain fanners. The agency-managed system does not provide efficiency in services, therefore the water charges recovery is poor. While the need and importance of charging appropriate fees for irrigation water supply is recognized, more often. the pricing policies and structures are not commensurate with the level of services it provides. Water pricing frequently does not go hand in hand with the improvement and maintenance of the irrigation system, and the reluctance to pay even the low water rates is rooted in the mistrust between the fanner and the agency. Very often, the costs of collection of water charges are higher than the total fee collected (Bhatia 1989). Fanners will pay more if the service is timely, adequate and dependable. In Hagedal, fanners under-report the total area irrigated, in connivance with local officials. Hence illegal appropriation of water and unauthorized cultivation is quite common in the village. especially by those who are favorably placed, either because of their advantageous location or power. Moreover, fanners pay water charges according to the localization pattern. So many a time fanners pay less water charges due to a violation of the cropping pattern and unauthorized cultivation. Subsidized or almost free availability of water supply has been an important factor in the overuse of surface water for crop production in developing countries (Piementel & Greiner 1997). Furthennore, lack of disincentives for over using water has contributed to wastage of water which has resulted in soil degradation. Women's Participation It is generally believed that male domination prevails in managing irrigation systems. Some studies in African (Jones 1986; Zwarteveen & Neupane 1996) and Asian (Hart 1992; Zwarteveen 1997) systems had addressed the issues related to women's participation in irrigation policies, planning and design. An attempt has been made to examine the role of women in irrigation management in our sample villages. 156
I In Gundur, women are members in the WUA. They own land and have become members. They are welcome to attend and represent their interests in the meeting. It is, however, noticed that only very few of them attended the meetings. When the meetings are crucial and it is imperative that a household attends, then some of them attended the meetings. In spite of the fact that some of the women are involved in irrigation and agriculture activities and also they are members of the WU A, attending meetings and discussing matters are left to male members of their families. One o/the women mentioned her reasons/or non- participation: ."f am alreadv overburdened bl' household chores and there is no reason for me to attend the meetings. Even ill go there it·s only to hear what men have to say. They are the ones who talk and discl/ss and the\· knOll" what to say and how to say it". The main reason for low participation of women in the WUA meetings IS lack of experience in attending meetings and talking in front of men. Another reason is that, male members in the family do not scnd them to the meetings. Women members reported that they are illiterate and hardly understand the matters discussed in the meetings. Cultural barriers also make women withdraw from effective participation and decision-making. , In Hagedal also, there are a number of instances where the land is bought and registered under women·s name. And farming is a collective endeavor involving male and female members of the household. But any opportunity to exercise control over the land or to make decisions regarding the use of land and to control the benefits of agriculture production is limited for these women. Men usually control the income earned by the family through commercialiled agriculture. However, it is quite surprising to note that women were also involved in illegal diversion of water and often they get away with it because men do not want to pick a fight with them. One woman confessed: "I generally divert water iIIega/~v to our fields. I don't know what I am doing is right or wrong there arc others also who do this. I only want to help my husband in generating good income from fields ". 157
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Water Users Association and Irrigat
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Phone: 91 080-23215468/5592/5519 FA
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grant was of great help in undertak
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LIST OF TABLES Page. No. 1.1: Outla
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8.3: Estimated Production Functions
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Chapter 1 Introduction The natural
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partition, 8.8 million hectares of
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levels. This is more so with major
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"twin problems" (Details of general
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~~~,~~ Figure 1.1 gives the data fr
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much lower at 1.6 million hectares
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Table 1.3: Incidence of Waterloggin
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as they severely limit the choice o
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water managers sometimes succumbed
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(Carruthus 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; F
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While some of the root causes contr
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Irrigation tends to artificially in
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Appendix 1.2: Important committees,
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degradation is more in the command
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The study by Abassi (1991) on the e
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account of irrigation development a
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without providing adequate canal se
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, Sathyanarayana et al. (200 I) doc
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in the operation and maintenance of
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waterlogging. The study emphasizes
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... The studies reviewed so far, cl
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to ensure greater production from l
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mentioned the effective training of
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Transfer of management for the 12,0
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Ahmad (2000) claimed that water sca
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Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology a
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components of the same l . The envi
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Table 3.1: Total Number of Farmers
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Secondary data have been collected
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Lowdennilk 1981). Bardhan (1984) an
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attempting to achieve collective be
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External conditions: Physical and t
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etc. It is a supply-oriented design
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Appendix 3.1: Salient Features of T
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Chapter 4 Profile of the Sample Vil
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Figure 4.3: Map of Gllndllr Village
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is used to supplement the canal wat
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It is interesting to note that leas
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Table 4.2: Caste-wise Distribution
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more land in the upper and middle r
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than 30 years experience (see Table
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Table 4.12: Distribution of Farmers
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cultivation in the upper and the mi
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Labor shortages are common at peak
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amount of RS.25 but during the year
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majority of the sample fanners are
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I. To introduce a schedule of water
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Rule Enforcement .:. The Associatio
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Chapter 5 Farmers' Knowledge and Pe
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transect walks which revealed that
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consumption which are known to be s
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should be noted that these lands ha
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their lands fully, while some suffe
Page 117 and 118: management strategies and type of c
Page 119 and 120: d · 15 degra at IOn . ill Hagedal,
Page 121 and 122: cropping and intensive irrigation o
Page 123 and 124: Farmers knowledge of the proposed c
Page 125 and 126: Reasons for violation In both the v
Page 127 and 128: mild waterlogging and were not cult
Page 129 and 130: 1 0 increasing susceptibility of cr
Page 131 and 132: of a water intensive crop. The exce
Page 133 and 134: over irrigate their fields. There a
Page 135 and 136: depends on the provision of opportu
Page 137 and 138: The next most frequently used strat
Page 139 and 140: irrigation channels is the responsi
Page 141 and 142: the field than needed as insurance
Page 143 and 144: of the irrigation fields are kept i
Page 145 and 146: In a detailed analysis of the TBP,
Page 147 and 148: The most popular practice in Gundur
Page 149 and 150: grazing lands and the consequent re
Page 151 and 152: do poor quality work. There IS gove
Page 153 and 154: the task of organizational and admi
Page 155 and 156: have merged the information from bo
Page 157 and 158: Three brothers working on leased la
Page 159 and 160: everyone individually chooses to ta
Page 161 and 162: irrigation officials who exercised
Page 163 and 164: water] The local leadership is not
Page 165 and 166: Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the
Page 167: In afocus group discussion one of t
Page 171 and 172: I It can be noted from Table 7.4 th
Page 173 and 174: I land and other farmers do not mak
Page 175 and 176: • that cattle do not damage the i
Page 177 and 178: I the existing situations of their
Page 179 and 180: I riding" has become a rational cho
Page 181 and 182: I customary nonns. Intangible benef
Page 183 and 184: I tennite mounds on fields. They be
Page 185 and 186: I Leadership The quality of leaders
Page 187 and 188: • One o{the office bearers commen
Page 189 and 190: • the causes for waterlogging and
Page 191 and 192: • keeping water cess books and bi
Page 193 and 194: • through strict rule enforcement
Page 195 and 196: • to improve the quality of the W
Page 197 and 198: collective management drainage. The
Page 199 and 200: PIM initiative did not originate in
Page 201 and 202: sustainability could be expected th
Page 203 and 204: Chapter 8 Impact of Water Users' As
Page 205 and 206: I examines the efficacy of fanners
Page 207 and 208: I is 2744.15 kg whereas in Hagedal
Page 209 and 210: lands in Gundur is more compared to
Page 211 and 212: Table 8.3: Estimated Production Fun
Page 213 and 214: decline by 2.5 percent in Gundur an
Page 215 and 216: In Gundur, farmers identified crop
Page 217 and 218: I Other key problems were the poor
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• Appendix 8.1: Water Availabilit
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• Chapter 9 Summary and Conclusio
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I In Hagedal, one of the sample vil
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I In irrigated fanning of the fanne
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I management practices evolved by W
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• comparable estimates, it would
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• PIM policy should not just stop
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References Abbasi~ S. A. 199} .. En
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Bre~e~·hJ· d S , Kolavalli. A. H.
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• Dhawan, B. D. 2002. Technologic
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Gmernment of India. Tenth Five- Yea
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Joshi. P. K. ,.1987. "Effect of Sur
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Maloney._ C and K. V. Raju. 1994. '
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Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of"Collec
Page 247 and 248:
Reddy, t'vl. Venkata. 1996. "Tungab
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Sridharan. K. and S. Vedula. 1985.
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Wade, Robert. 1987 "Ma . '. . . . n
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