Water Users Association and Irrigation Management - Institute for ...

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I role of WUA in improving water use et't- IClency . an d ensunng . enVlwnmenta . I' sakty. Further, the study has identitied the factors causing soil salinity and waterlogging and examined the nature of the strategies employed by the stakeholders to overcome the adverse effects, It has also examined the institutional factors necessary for successful and sustainable participation by the farmers. The plausible economic benetits in tenns of productivity and also in avoiding or minimizing adverse etlects on soil fertility were examined. Finally, the problems and prospects oftormation ofWUA have been analysed, , Data were collected from both the villages through a combination of tormal and intlmnal fann surveys, participant observation and focused group discussions. The interview schedule contained a mixture of closed and open-ended questions to elicit intonnation. Quantitative data regarding crop production (input, output, prices) were collected through . personal survey and grounded interviews with farmers during the 1999-2000 Kharif and Rabi season to· obtain detailed information about the various aspects of agriculture and irrigation practices. The interview schedule was also used to collect more precise information on various aspects of farmers' perception of the present state of affairs in the following: irrigation management, water distribution, obstacles for effective government intervention, water-related litigation and squabbles, reasons for violation of cropping pattern and unauthorized cultivation, causes of waterlogging and salinity, range of strategies currently used to manage them, and about the socio-economic and institutional factors affecting the management of water and soils. In Gundur, where a WUA'is functioning, a separate interview schedule was also developed to know the various dimensions of the WUA and how farmers perceived their responsibilities and tasks, • Empirical analysis has been carried out in three stages. In the tirst stage, to examine the degree of relationship between inputs (fertilizers, pesticide, seed, water, etc.) and output (paddy) we estimated the correlation coefficient. In the second stage, the Cobb-Douglas production-function approach has been adopted to determine the impact of soil salinity and waterlogging on yield levels of paddy. Finally, in the third stage, from the estimated production functions a decomposition exercise was undertaken to analyze the impact of changes in inputs and the quality of land on the yield variations. Further, logit regression was employed to analyze the factors that int1uence the management strategies adopted by farmers to mitigate the environmental problems, 20R
I In Hagedal, one of the sample villages, there is no formally registered WUA or society. Even an informal kind of association for water distribution or conflict resolution does not exist in this village. Attempts are now being made to transfer irrigation management to user groups as part of the Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) program implemented in the state. Whereas in Gundur village there is a WUA formally registered in 1997 under the Kamataka Co-operative Societies Act. But this was working informally since 1967. The WUA has a clearly defined service area of about 696 acres covering 172 farmers. WUA was mainly formed to get water from an inoperative sub-distributary. Hence, the WUA was formed more out of users' interests than the government involvement. A majority of sample farmers in both the sample villages belong to upper castes and their main occupation is agriculture. Education levels are low and the average age of the sample farmers is between 40 and 45 years. Many of them have long experience in irrigated farming. Nuclear families are prominent and the migrant Andhra farmers add to the operational dynamics in the sample villages. In both the villages small, medium and large farmers are more or less spread across the locations and majority of the sample farmers are large farmers. Black cotton soils constitute about 85 percent in both the sample villages and the remaining are red soils. The villages fall under the rain-shadow region characterised by sparse and highly variable seasonal rainfall. The TLBC is the main source of irrigation. Groundwater is used only for domestic purposes. Since both the villages fall in the upper reaches of TLBC water availability is not a problem to the farmers. Paddy is the dominant crop. Farmers • follow the traditional method of paddy cultivation, where fields are flooded throughout the crop growth period. Violation of cropping pattern and unauthorised cultivation is a common feature in both the villages. To realise the objectives of the study, the incidence and prevalence of salinity and waterlogging in the study villages was examined. Further, the management strategies adopted by the farmers to mitigate such adverse effects was also observed. The status of adverse effects was examined based on farmers' perceptions. Crop performance in terms of yield is the main criteria for classification. The problems of waterlogging and salinity are analysed not only from the point of view of soil fertility deterioration, but also from the point of water use practices. Although perceptions are not as accurate as technical 209
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Water Users Association and Irrigat
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Phone: 91 080-23215468/5592/5519 FA
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grant was of great help in undertak
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LIST OF TABLES Page. No. 1.1: Outla
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8.3: Estimated Production Functions
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Chapter 1 Introduction The natural
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partition, 8.8 million hectares of
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levels. This is more so with major
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"twin problems" (Details of general
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~~~,~~ Figure 1.1 gives the data fr
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much lower at 1.6 million hectares
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Table 1.3: Incidence of Waterloggin
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as they severely limit the choice o
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water managers sometimes succumbed
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(Carruthus 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; F
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While some of the root causes contr
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Irrigation tends to artificially in
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Appendix 1.2: Important committees,
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degradation is more in the command
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The study by Abassi (1991) on the e
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account of irrigation development a
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without providing adequate canal se
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, Sathyanarayana et al. (200 I) doc
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in the operation and maintenance of
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waterlogging. The study emphasizes
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... The studies reviewed so far, cl
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to ensure greater production from l
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mentioned the effective training of
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Transfer of management for the 12,0
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Ahmad (2000) claimed that water sca
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Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology a
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components of the same l . The envi
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Table 3.1: Total Number of Farmers
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Secondary data have been collected
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Lowdennilk 1981). Bardhan (1984) an
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attempting to achieve collective be
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External conditions: Physical and t
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etc. It is a supply-oriented design
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Appendix 3.1: Salient Features of T
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Chapter 4 Profile of the Sample Vil
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Figure 4.3: Map of Gllndllr Village
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is used to supplement the canal wat
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It is interesting to note that leas
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Table 4.2: Caste-wise Distribution
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more land in the upper and middle r
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than 30 years experience (see Table
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Table 4.12: Distribution of Farmers
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cultivation in the upper and the mi
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Labor shortages are common at peak
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amount of RS.25 but during the year
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majority of the sample fanners are
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I. To introduce a schedule of water
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Rule Enforcement .:. The Associatio
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Chapter 5 Farmers' Knowledge and Pe
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transect walks which revealed that
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consumption which are known to be s
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should be noted that these lands ha
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their lands fully, while some suffe
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management strategies and type of c
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d · 15 degra at IOn . ill Hagedal,
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cropping and intensive irrigation o
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Farmers knowledge of the proposed c
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Reasons for violation In both the v
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mild waterlogging and were not cult
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1 0 increasing susceptibility of cr
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of a water intensive crop. The exce
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over irrigate their fields. There a
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depends on the provision of opportu
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The next most frequently used strat
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irrigation channels is the responsi
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the field than needed as insurance
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of the irrigation fields are kept i
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In a detailed analysis of the TBP,
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The most popular practice in Gundur
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grazing lands and the consequent re
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do poor quality work. There IS gove
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the task of organizational and admi
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have merged the information from bo
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Three brothers working on leased la
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everyone individually chooses to ta
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irrigation officials who exercised
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water] The local leadership is not
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Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the
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In afocus group discussion one of t
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I In Gundur, women are members in t
Page 171 and 172: I It can be noted from Table 7.4 th
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Page 175 and 176: • that cattle do not damage the i
Page 177 and 178: I the existing situations of their
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Page 181 and 182: I customary nonns. Intangible benef
Page 183 and 184: I tennite mounds on fields. They be
Page 185 and 186: I Leadership The quality of leaders
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Page 189 and 190: • the causes for waterlogging and
Page 191 and 192: • keeping water cess books and bi
Page 193 and 194: • through strict rule enforcement
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Page 197 and 198: collective management drainage. The
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Page 201 and 202: sustainability could be expected th
Page 203 and 204: Chapter 8 Impact of Water Users' As
Page 205 and 206: I examines the efficacy of fanners
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Page 209 and 210: lands in Gundur is more compared to
Page 211 and 212: Table 8.3: Estimated Production Fun
Page 213 and 214: decline by 2.5 percent in Gundur an
Page 215 and 216: In Gundur, farmers identified crop
Page 217 and 218: I Other key problems were the poor
Page 219 and 220: • Appendix 8.1: Water Availabilit
Page 221: • Chapter 9 Summary and Conclusio
Page 225 and 226: I In irrigated fanning of the fanne
Page 227 and 228: I management practices evolved by W
Page 229 and 230: • comparable estimates, it would
Page 231 and 232: • PIM policy should not just stop
Page 233 and 234: References Abbasi~ S. A. 199} .. En
Page 235 and 236: Bre~e~·hJ· d S , Kolavalli. A. H.
Page 237 and 238: • Dhawan, B. D. 2002. Technologic
Page 239 and 240: Gmernment of India. Tenth Five- Yea
Page 241 and 242: Joshi. P. K. ,.1987. "Effect of Sur
Page 243 and 244: Maloney._ C and K. V. Raju. 1994. '
Page 245 and 246: Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of"Collec
Page 247 and 248: Reddy, t'vl. Venkata. 1996. "Tungab
Page 249 and 250: Sridharan. K. and S. Vedula. 1985.
Page 251 and 252: Wade, Robert. 1987 "Ma . '. . . . n
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