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Farmers use a mixture of manure and fertilizers, adjusting the combination according to rainfall, availability of canal water and perceived fertility status while taking into account how vigorously plants are growing. Fertilizer and manure are generally concentrated on fields that are expected to give the best response. The majority of the farmers recognize that yield levels cannot be redressed with a single type of input, as fertilizers although available are too expensive while only limited amounts of FYM are available. In their view the disadvantages of using mineral fertilizers are they are expensive and need to be applied every year, whereas the main constraints on producing and applying FYM are the high labor and transport requirements. The production function analysis reveals that in Hagedal fertilizer is significant only for the in good lands. Few farmers use relatively less fertilizer even in good lands that are close to some of the badly maintained outlets as it is liable to be washed away. In the affected lands of Hagedal it is insignificant as when the problems of salinity increase the effects of fertilizer either decreases or does not have any effect on the soil. And on the lands, which are very far trom the outlet the soil moisture content, is either low or high due to the unpredictable water supply making the use of mineral fertilizer less beneficial. Hence, the crop response to fertilizers is generally poor on affected soils. In addition, when the water is not sufficient paddy dries up faster where fertilizer is applied rather than where only manure was used. This also corroborates the weak correlation coefficient between fertilizer and yield (see Table-8.2). In Hagedal, in both the lands, the coefficients of FYM were highly significant indicating that it has mainly contributed to the change in yield. This is mainly because in the affected lands, FYM is more responsive and provides nourishment to the soil by enhancing the structure of the soil and increasing its organic matter content. But the existing livestock management system in the village does not include practices for improving the quality of manure or for increasing manure production. 196
Table 8.3: Estimated Production Functions for Rice Crop in Good and Affected Lands of Gundur and Hagedal Variables Gundur Good land Intercept 20441 -0.045 Affected land 0.016* Irrigation 0.087 (5.318) (1.721) 0.067 Seeds 0.009 (0.983) (0.037) 0.062*** Pesticide 0.184 ( 1.829) (1.461) 0.032 Zinc 0.091 (0.694) (0.648) 0.034* 0.S45**" FYM (3.326) (2.09S) 0.IS3** 0.S02** Fertilizer (2.696) (2.828) 0.0143 Gypsum n.a (0.623) "'2 R 0.814 0.87 F - Statistic 29.1" 17.776" Note. FIgures In parenthesIs are t-StatIStIcS. " Correlation is significant at I % level. ** Correlation is significant at 5% level. *** Correlation is significant at 10% level. n.a = not applicable. "agedal Good land 1.669* 0.665 Affected land 0.103* -0.136**· (2.758) (-1.703) 0.015 0.341 (lA89) ( 1272) 0.142** 0.234** (20421) (2.134) 0.382**" -0052 ( 1.957) ( 0.184) 0.143* 00431 * (3.19) (3.IS) 0.145*·' 0.300 ( 1.792) (10413) 0.0071 n.a (0.223) 0.S06 0.S2 10.S72· 6.944* Zinc, a soil nutrient, is found to be significant only in the good lands of Hagedal. However, I the use of it is limited and erratic. Gypsum, which is a yield enhancmg input in salinityaffected lands, is found to be insignificant in both the villages. This could be due to the summing up of both saline and waterlogged lands in this analysis due to lesser sample size, which took zero values in the places where there is only a waterlogging problem. The analysis shows that pesticide is significant in the good lands of Gundur whereas in Hagedal it is significant in both good lands and affected lands. The waterlogged lands arc greater in Hagedal than in Gundur (see tigure 5.1) and attract more pests during the Khanf period. Hence, the use of pesticide seems to be more useful in Hagedal. One of the important variables in question in this analysis is irrigation. From the Table 8.3 it may be noted very clearly that irrigation acts as a yield-retarding variable in the affected lands in Hagedal, whereas in the affected lands of Gundur it is positive but insigniticant. A one percent use of irrigation in the affected lands in Hagedalleads to a 0.14 percent decline 197
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Water Users Association and Irrigat
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Phone: 91 080-23215468/5592/5519 FA
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grant was of great help in undertak
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LIST OF TABLES Page. No. 1.1: Outla
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8.3: Estimated Production Functions
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Chapter 1 Introduction The natural
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partition, 8.8 million hectares of
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levels. This is more so with major
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"twin problems" (Details of general
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~~~,~~ Figure 1.1 gives the data fr
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much lower at 1.6 million hectares
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Table 1.3: Incidence of Waterloggin
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as they severely limit the choice o
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water managers sometimes succumbed
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(Carruthus 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; F
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While some of the root causes contr
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Irrigation tends to artificially in
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Appendix 1.2: Important committees,
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degradation is more in the command
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The study by Abassi (1991) on the e
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account of irrigation development a
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without providing adequate canal se
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, Sathyanarayana et al. (200 I) doc
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in the operation and maintenance of
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waterlogging. The study emphasizes
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... The studies reviewed so far, cl
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to ensure greater production from l
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mentioned the effective training of
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Transfer of management for the 12,0
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Ahmad (2000) claimed that water sca
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Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology a
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components of the same l . The envi
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Table 3.1: Total Number of Farmers
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Secondary data have been collected
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Lowdennilk 1981). Bardhan (1984) an
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attempting to achieve collective be
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External conditions: Physical and t
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etc. It is a supply-oriented design
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Appendix 3.1: Salient Features of T
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Chapter 4 Profile of the Sample Vil
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Figure 4.3: Map of Gllndllr Village
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is used to supplement the canal wat
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It is interesting to note that leas
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Table 4.2: Caste-wise Distribution
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more land in the upper and middle r
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than 30 years experience (see Table
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Table 4.12: Distribution of Farmers
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cultivation in the upper and the mi
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Labor shortages are common at peak
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amount of RS.25 but during the year
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majority of the sample fanners are
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I. To introduce a schedule of water
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Rule Enforcement .:. The Associatio
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Chapter 5 Farmers' Knowledge and Pe
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transect walks which revealed that
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consumption which are known to be s
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should be noted that these lands ha
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their lands fully, while some suffe
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management strategies and type of c
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d · 15 degra at IOn . ill Hagedal,
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cropping and intensive irrigation o
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Farmers knowledge of the proposed c
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Reasons for violation In both the v
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mild waterlogging and were not cult
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1 0 increasing susceptibility of cr
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of a water intensive crop. The exce
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over irrigate their fields. There a
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depends on the provision of opportu
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The next most frequently used strat
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irrigation channels is the responsi
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the field than needed as insurance
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of the irrigation fields are kept i
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In a detailed analysis of the TBP,
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The most popular practice in Gundur
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grazing lands and the consequent re
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do poor quality work. There IS gove
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the task of organizational and admi
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have merged the information from bo
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Three brothers working on leased la
Page 159 and 160: everyone individually chooses to ta
Page 161 and 162: irrigation officials who exercised
Page 163 and 164: water] The local leadership is not
Page 165 and 166: Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the
Page 167 and 168: In afocus group discussion one of t
Page 169 and 170: I In Gundur, women are members in t
Page 171 and 172: I It can be noted from Table 7.4 th
Page 173 and 174: I land and other farmers do not mak
Page 175 and 176: • that cattle do not damage the i
Page 177 and 178: I the existing situations of their
Page 179 and 180: I riding" has become a rational cho
Page 181 and 182: I customary nonns. Intangible benef
Page 183 and 184: I tennite mounds on fields. They be
Page 185 and 186: I Leadership The quality of leaders
Page 187 and 188: • One o{the office bearers commen
Page 189 and 190: • the causes for waterlogging and
Page 191 and 192: • keeping water cess books and bi
Page 193 and 194: • through strict rule enforcement
Page 195 and 196: • to improve the quality of the W
Page 197 and 198: collective management drainage. The
Page 199 and 200: PIM initiative did not originate in
Page 201 and 202: sustainability could be expected th
Page 203 and 204: Chapter 8 Impact of Water Users' As
Page 205 and 206: I examines the efficacy of fanners
Page 207 and 208: I is 2744.15 kg whereas in Hagedal
Page 209: lands in Gundur is more compared to
Page 213 and 214: decline by 2.5 percent in Gundur an
Page 215 and 216: In Gundur, farmers identified crop
Page 217 and 218: I Other key problems were the poor
Page 219 and 220: • Appendix 8.1: Water Availabilit
Page 221 and 222: • Chapter 9 Summary and Conclusio
Page 223 and 224: I In Hagedal, one of the sample vil
Page 225 and 226: I In irrigated fanning of the fanne
Page 227 and 228: I management practices evolved by W
Page 229 and 230: • comparable estimates, it would
Page 231 and 232: • PIM policy should not just stop
Page 233 and 234: References Abbasi~ S. A. 199} .. En
Page 235 and 236: Bre~e~·hJ· d S , Kolavalli. A. H.
Page 237 and 238: • Dhawan, B. D. 2002. Technologic
Page 239 and 240: Gmernment of India. Tenth Five- Yea
Page 241 and 242: Joshi. P. K. ,.1987. "Effect of Sur
Page 243 and 244: Maloney._ C and K. V. Raju. 1994. '
Page 245 and 246: Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of"Collec
Page 247 and 248: Reddy, t'vl. Venkata. 1996. "Tungab
Page 249 and 250: Sridharan. K. and S. Vedula. 1985.
Page 251 and 252: Wade, Robert. 1987 "Ma . '. . . . n
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