Water Users Association and Irrigation Management - Institute for ...

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Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the revenue department while in Gundur fanners have to pay both to the WUA as well as revenue department. In Gundur, the water rates are revised every four to tive years by the WUA and there is some protit element in the fee computation. WUA generate revenue mainly from collections of membership fee, water charges, special assessments and tines in case nr violation. The WUA will imposc penalties for non-payment of water charges that include fines or stopping water delivery to defaulted fanners. Fanners whose crops fail due to pest attack or land degradation are not exempted from water cess, but late payment is accepted. Those who fail to plant in a season, when water has already been released to his/her field is also liable to pay the revised fee. Since fanners have to pay both to the WUA and to the revenue department, it was important to know their latent willingness-to-pay water charges to the department and their opinion of the water fee collected by the WUA. The WUA collects Rs. 70 per acre during the Kharif season and Rs.60 per acre during the Rabi season. Since the fanners initiated the WUA, government support in tenns of management subsidies or grant is not available. So the WUA collects high rates of water charges. Table 7.2: Farmers' Opinion Regarding Water Charges in Gundur Opinion Farm Size Small Medium Large High I (6.3) 1 (9.1 ) 4 (20.0) 11.8 Low 2 ( 12.5) I (9.1 ) 2 (\ 0.0) 10.5 Reasonable 13 (81.3) 9 (8\.8) 14 (70.0) 77.7 Note: Figures m parenthesIs mdlcate the percentages to the total m the speCific category. Total (in I percent) It is interesting to note that the small fanners (around 81 percent) and the medium fanners (around 82 percent) found the water charges fixed by the WUA to be more reasonable than the large fanners (70 percent). Around 13 percent of the small fanners are even of the opinion that the water charges are low. It is clearly demonstrated that fanners are willingto-pay more if the service is good and reliable. The fanners paid water cess to the WUA even in the case of unauthorized cultivation since the WUA was responsible for the supply of water. The WUA also ensures that all members pay water charges to the department. 154
In afocus group discussion one of the farmers explained the \'iew of his fel/owfa,.",cn· "We have no hesitation to pay water charges to both WUA and revenue departmcnt. If creates a sense of belonging. Even i{water rates are hiked we are ready to pay since till' services provided are good". This clearly shows that recovery of water rates is closely connccted with the issue of maintenance of inigation infrastructure. The money thus col\edcd IS utilized for the maintenance of secondary infrastructure and natural drains. to meet administratl\c expenses, to pay the salary of "Necrgunty"'. provide sef\lces to mitigate soil-related problems and some is saved to meet any unforeseen emergency situatIOn. The WUA has become financially viable due to a progressive revision in water charges, high rates of recovery and mobilization of local labor to carry out the maintenance activities of infrastructure. The accountability of WUA ha~ been demonstrated hy generating adequate revenue, maintaining records for every rupee spent and collected and making transparent to all the stakeholders in periodic meetings and discussions. In Hagedal village, where there is no WUA, the scenario is different. Table 7.3: Farmers' Response Regarding Payment of Water Charges in Hagedal Farm Size Farmers Total (in response Small Medium Large percent) Yes 18 (77.2) 12 (70.5) 22 (73.3) 73.6 No 4 (22.7) 5 (29.4) R (26.6) 26.2 . - Note: Figures In parentheSIS indicate the percentages to the total In the ,pec.hc category. It is interesting to note that more than one-fourth of the fanners ha\'e not paid water charges. On the contrary, in the other village where the WUA is functioning. all the farmers have paid water charges without exception. The general reason given by the fanners for the non-payment of water charges is due to bad construction and maintenance of infrastructure 5 Neergunty are trained to routinely collect and report perfomlance in tenns of area .mgated. water distribution. water wastage. etc. 155
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Water Users Association and Irrigat
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Phone: 91 080-23215468/5592/5519 FA
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grant was of great help in undertak
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LIST OF TABLES Page. No. 1.1: Outla
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8.3: Estimated Production Functions
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Chapter 1 Introduction The natural
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partition, 8.8 million hectares of
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levels. This is more so with major
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"twin problems" (Details of general
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~~~,~~ Figure 1.1 gives the data fr
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much lower at 1.6 million hectares
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Table 1.3: Incidence of Waterloggin
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as they severely limit the choice o
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water managers sometimes succumbed
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(Carruthus 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; F
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While some of the root causes contr
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Irrigation tends to artificially in
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Appendix 1.2: Important committees,
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degradation is more in the command
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The study by Abassi (1991) on the e
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account of irrigation development a
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without providing adequate canal se
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, Sathyanarayana et al. (200 I) doc
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in the operation and maintenance of
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waterlogging. The study emphasizes
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... The studies reviewed so far, cl
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to ensure greater production from l
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mentioned the effective training of
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Transfer of management for the 12,0
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Ahmad (2000) claimed that water sca
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Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology a
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components of the same l . The envi
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Table 3.1: Total Number of Farmers
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Secondary data have been collected
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Lowdennilk 1981). Bardhan (1984) an
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attempting to achieve collective be
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External conditions: Physical and t
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etc. It is a supply-oriented design
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Appendix 3.1: Salient Features of T
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Chapter 4 Profile of the Sample Vil
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Figure 4.3: Map of Gllndllr Village
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is used to supplement the canal wat
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It is interesting to note that leas
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Table 4.2: Caste-wise Distribution
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more land in the upper and middle r
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than 30 years experience (see Table
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Table 4.12: Distribution of Farmers
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cultivation in the upper and the mi
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Labor shortages are common at peak
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amount of RS.25 but during the year
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majority of the sample fanners are
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I. To introduce a schedule of water
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Rule Enforcement .:. The Associatio
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Chapter 5 Farmers' Knowledge and Pe
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transect walks which revealed that
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consumption which are known to be s
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should be noted that these lands ha
Page 115 and 116: their lands fully, while some suffe
Page 117 and 118: management strategies and type of c
Page 119 and 120: d · 15 degra at IOn . ill Hagedal,
Page 121 and 122: cropping and intensive irrigation o
Page 123 and 124: Farmers knowledge of the proposed c
Page 125 and 126: Reasons for violation In both the v
Page 127 and 128: mild waterlogging and were not cult
Page 129 and 130: 1 0 increasing susceptibility of cr
Page 131 and 132: of a water intensive crop. The exce
Page 133 and 134: over irrigate their fields. There a
Page 135 and 136: depends on the provision of opportu
Page 137 and 138: The next most frequently used strat
Page 139 and 140: irrigation channels is the responsi
Page 141 and 142: the field than needed as insurance
Page 143 and 144: of the irrigation fields are kept i
Page 145 and 146: In a detailed analysis of the TBP,
Page 147 and 148: The most popular practice in Gundur
Page 149 and 150: grazing lands and the consequent re
Page 151 and 152: do poor quality work. There IS gove
Page 153 and 154: the task of organizational and admi
Page 155 and 156: have merged the information from bo
Page 157 and 158: Three brothers working on leased la
Page 159 and 160: everyone individually chooses to ta
Page 161 and 162: irrigation officials who exercised
Page 163 and 164: water] The local leadership is not
Page 165: Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the
Page 169 and 170: I In Gundur, women are members in t
Page 171 and 172: I It can be noted from Table 7.4 th
Page 173 and 174: I land and other farmers do not mak
Page 175 and 176: • that cattle do not damage the i
Page 177 and 178: I the existing situations of their
Page 179 and 180: I riding" has become a rational cho
Page 181 and 182: I customary nonns. Intangible benef
Page 183 and 184: I tennite mounds on fields. They be
Page 185 and 186: I Leadership The quality of leaders
Page 187 and 188: • One o{the office bearers commen
Page 189 and 190: • the causes for waterlogging and
Page 191 and 192: • keeping water cess books and bi
Page 193 and 194: • through strict rule enforcement
Page 195 and 196: • to improve the quality of the W
Page 197 and 198: collective management drainage. The
Page 199 and 200: PIM initiative did not originate in
Page 201 and 202: sustainability could be expected th
Page 203 and 204: Chapter 8 Impact of Water Users' As
Page 205 and 206: I examines the efficacy of fanners
Page 207 and 208: I is 2744.15 kg whereas in Hagedal
Page 209 and 210: lands in Gundur is more compared to
Page 211 and 212: Table 8.3: Estimated Production Fun
Page 213 and 214: decline by 2.5 percent in Gundur an
Page 215 and 216: In Gundur, farmers identified crop
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I Other key problems were the poor
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• Appendix 8.1: Water Availabilit
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• Chapter 9 Summary and Conclusio
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I In Hagedal, one of the sample vil
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I In irrigated fanning of the fanne
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I management practices evolved by W
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• comparable estimates, it would
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• PIM policy should not just stop
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References Abbasi~ S. A. 199} .. En
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Bre~e~·hJ· d S , Kolavalli. A. H.
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• Dhawan, B. D. 2002. Technologic
Page 239 and 240:
Gmernment of India. Tenth Five- Yea
Page 241 and 242:
Joshi. P. K. ,.1987. "Effect of Sur
Page 243 and 244:
Maloney._ C and K. V. Raju. 1994. '
Page 245 and 246:
Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of"Collec
Page 247 and 248:
Reddy, t'vl. Venkata. 1996. "Tungab
Page 249 and 250:
Sridharan. K. and S. Vedula. 1985.
Page 251 and 252:
Wade, Robert. 1987 "Ma . '. . . . n
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