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I grown in both the villages. Hence it is assumed that the deviation in the cropping pattern is due to the water availability to the fanncr. Other factors to show adequate water availability are; farmers irrigating all the lands in both seasons instead of only one part of the land in each season; irrigating good lands which are not localized; and supplying water to crops according to their wish instead of according to the official duties II. Hence, in the command areas of both the villages, in both the seasons the intensities are higher than according to localization. Consequently, in the upstream reaches of TLBC much more paddy than localized is irrigated in Khari t~ and in Rabi quite some paddy is irrigated while not localized. As a result of using excess water in the upper reaches, the downstream areas of TLBC is left with too little water and the total irrigation intensities is between 60-80 percent (lurriens & Landstra 1989). This means that the area not getting irrigation at all has been between 20-40 percent, because in the upstream reaches much double cropping was realized. Since the amount of irrigation or accurate discharge of water at the fann level or drainage outt1ow are not exactly aVailable, the average standing water in paddy fields during critical stages of plant growth of sample fanners is taken as water supply at the farm level. , • " The official dulies are substantially too high due to the protective nature of the irriga::: :heme and~~ not cover the actual crop water requirements. This results In farmers takin~ more wate~ ey are entl! e 10 according to the duties. And the irrigation field stam to avoid 100 big clashes WIth the more powerful farmers do not adhere to the target flows. 206
• Chapter 9 Summary and Conclusion Expansions of irrigation through construction of big storage dams was perceived as an inevitable strategy in the post-independence period to promote, nurture and sustain production-augmentative agriculture technology to meet the food and fibre requirements of burgeoning population. Such a perception has led to the explosion of investment in major and medium irrigation projects, accounting for about three-fourths of the total investment in irrigation sector. But the benefits from large projects have not been up to the expected levels and in the desired direction. Many of the major irrigation projects, apart from low and inefficient performances have also created negative externalities. This seems to have been mainly due to non-integration of social engineering in the project design and operation. As a result, the adverse effects like waterlogging and soil salinity have been increasing in the command areas. This has subjected the construction of large dams to questionable validity and anti-major irrigation protests have emerged in the recent past. A wide range of problems and constraints have contributed to the negative externalities. There have been various policy initiatives in the recent past to incorporate corrective measures in water use and management strategies in major projects. Beneficiary participation is one among such initiatives to improve water use and efficiency and to reduce adverse effects. This study has, therefore, tried to analyse the problems and prospects of community participation through WU As to improve water use efficiency in 'a major irrigation project. • The study was conducted in Tungabhadra (TBP), one of the major irrigation projects in Karnataka. Two villages namely Hagedal (without Water User Association (WUA» and Gundur (with Water User Association) coming under the command of 3112 Sub distributary of Tungabhadra Left Bank Canal (TLBC) in Karnataka were selected. The selection was based on purposive sampling, the purpose being presence of WUA in one outlet without WUA in another outlet. Cross-sectional approach was adopted for the study , i.e. with and without WUA. The sample size is 69 and 47 farmers in Hagedal and Gundur respectively. The general objective ofthe study was to examine the adequacy and etfectiveness of WUA to promo t e e ffiIClen ' t' lmga , tl'on management systems . . In doing so, the study has analysed the 207
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Water Users Association and Irrigat
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Phone: 91 080-23215468/5592/5519 FA
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grant was of great help in undertak
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LIST OF TABLES Page. No. 1.1: Outla
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8.3: Estimated Production Functions
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Chapter 1 Introduction The natural
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partition, 8.8 million hectares of
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levels. This is more so with major
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"twin problems" (Details of general
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~~~,~~ Figure 1.1 gives the data fr
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much lower at 1.6 million hectares
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Table 1.3: Incidence of Waterloggin
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as they severely limit the choice o
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water managers sometimes succumbed
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(Carruthus 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; F
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While some of the root causes contr
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Irrigation tends to artificially in
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Appendix 1.2: Important committees,
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degradation is more in the command
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The study by Abassi (1991) on the e
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account of irrigation development a
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without providing adequate canal se
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, Sathyanarayana et al. (200 I) doc
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in the operation and maintenance of
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waterlogging. The study emphasizes
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... The studies reviewed so far, cl
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to ensure greater production from l
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mentioned the effective training of
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Transfer of management for the 12,0
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Ahmad (2000) claimed that water sca
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Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology a
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components of the same l . The envi
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Table 3.1: Total Number of Farmers
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Secondary data have been collected
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Lowdennilk 1981). Bardhan (1984) an
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attempting to achieve collective be
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External conditions: Physical and t
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etc. It is a supply-oriented design
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Appendix 3.1: Salient Features of T
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Chapter 4 Profile of the Sample Vil
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Figure 4.3: Map of Gllndllr Village
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is used to supplement the canal wat
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It is interesting to note that leas
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Table 4.2: Caste-wise Distribution
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more land in the upper and middle r
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than 30 years experience (see Table
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Table 4.12: Distribution of Farmers
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cultivation in the upper and the mi
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Labor shortages are common at peak
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amount of RS.25 but during the year
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majority of the sample fanners are
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I. To introduce a schedule of water
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Rule Enforcement .:. The Associatio
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Chapter 5 Farmers' Knowledge and Pe
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transect walks which revealed that
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consumption which are known to be s
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should be noted that these lands ha
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their lands fully, while some suffe
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management strategies and type of c
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d · 15 degra at IOn . ill Hagedal,
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cropping and intensive irrigation o
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Farmers knowledge of the proposed c
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Reasons for violation In both the v
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mild waterlogging and were not cult
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1 0 increasing susceptibility of cr
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of a water intensive crop. The exce
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over irrigate their fields. There a
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depends on the provision of opportu
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The next most frequently used strat
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irrigation channels is the responsi
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the field than needed as insurance
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of the irrigation fields are kept i
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In a detailed analysis of the TBP,
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The most popular practice in Gundur
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grazing lands and the consequent re
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do poor quality work. There IS gove
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the task of organizational and admi
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have merged the information from bo
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Three brothers working on leased la
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everyone individually chooses to ta
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irrigation officials who exercised
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water] The local leadership is not
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Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the
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In afocus group discussion one of t
Page 169 and 170: I In Gundur, women are members in t
Page 171 and 172: I It can be noted from Table 7.4 th
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Page 175 and 176: • that cattle do not damage the i
Page 177 and 178: I the existing situations of their
Page 179 and 180: I riding" has become a rational cho
Page 181 and 182: I customary nonns. Intangible benef
Page 183 and 184: I tennite mounds on fields. They be
Page 185 and 186: I Leadership The quality of leaders
Page 187 and 188: • One o{the office bearers commen
Page 189 and 190: • the causes for waterlogging and
Page 191 and 192: • keeping water cess books and bi
Page 193 and 194: • through strict rule enforcement
Page 195 and 196: • to improve the quality of the W
Page 197 and 198: collective management drainage. The
Page 199 and 200: PIM initiative did not originate in
Page 201 and 202: sustainability could be expected th
Page 203 and 204: Chapter 8 Impact of Water Users' As
Page 205 and 206: I examines the efficacy of fanners
Page 207 and 208: I is 2744.15 kg whereas in Hagedal
Page 209 and 210: lands in Gundur is more compared to
Page 211 and 212: Table 8.3: Estimated Production Fun
Page 213 and 214: decline by 2.5 percent in Gundur an
Page 215 and 216: In Gundur, farmers identified crop
Page 217 and 218: I Other key problems were the poor
Page 219: • Appendix 8.1: Water Availabilit
Page 223 and 224: I In Hagedal, one of the sample vil
Page 225 and 226: I In irrigated fanning of the fanne
Page 227 and 228: I management practices evolved by W
Page 229 and 230: • comparable estimates, it would
Page 231 and 232: • PIM policy should not just stop
Page 233 and 234: References Abbasi~ S. A. 199} .. En
Page 235 and 236: Bre~e~·hJ· d S , Kolavalli. A. H.
Page 237 and 238: • Dhawan, B. D. 2002. Technologic
Page 239 and 240: Gmernment of India. Tenth Five- Yea
Page 241 and 242: Joshi. P. K. ,.1987. "Effect of Sur
Page 243 and 244: Maloney._ C and K. V. Raju. 1994. '
Page 245 and 246: Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of"Collec
Page 247 and 248: Reddy, t'vl. Venkata. 1996. "Tungab
Page 249 and 250: Sridharan. K. and S. Vedula. 1985.
Page 251 and 252: Wade, Robert. 1987 "Ma . '. . . . n
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