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I (Wade, 1988). The leaders' help in resolving water-related conflicts and they have also bargained with ID on behalf of the fellow farmers for the repair of canal banks. Some of the leaders are so trusted that the farmers leave their savings with them. Apart from leadership qualities, the power that the leaders derive is due to their land ownership and political affiliations. Nevertheless, the leaders are not keen on the communities managing their resources so they have not felt the need for organizing farmers to torm a WUA. Interaction with agency TBP is an agency-managed irrigation project, so the responsibility to ensure the designed discharge of water up to the outlet point and also to construct, operate and maintain the canals and hydraulic structures rests with ID while the responsibility of maintaining the system below the outlet point rests with the CADA. This means two agencies are involved in the operation and maintenance of the system to ensure proper distribution and utilization of water. The agricultural department gives information on various agricultural practices. An attempt was made to ascertain farmers' opinion in both the villages on the felt needs that required agency intervention. In Hagedal, farmers' opinion of potential support service needs include services provided to irrigated agriculture whereas in Gundur, farmers' opinion includes both, supporting services provided to the irrigation system and those provided to irrigated agriculture. Support services provided to irrigated agriculture ,are generally supplied to individual farmers, while irrigation system support services are supplied to the WUA providing the irrigation service. Table 7.12: Farmers' Opinion of Support Service Needed from Agency .- ---- Farmers oJ!~nion Gundur Hagedal Irrigation infrastructure 62 69 Other infrastructure 26 29 Land reclamation 43 51 Credit 47 52 ~.~ingl Awareness 72 74 SubSidies 14 II Note: Responses In percentage. Multiple responses . . (farmers mentIOn more than one support service) . In H agedal, as many as 69 percent of the sample farmers feel that it is the responsibility of the agency to maintain the upkeep of the irrigation infrastructure (see Table 7.12). One of 174
• the causes for waterlogging and salinity in Hagedal, as mentioned earlier, is due to bad infrastructure (see Table 5.7). In Gundur, 62 percent of farmers mentioned that financial support from agency to WUA was most needed for the improvement of physical conditions of sub-distributary 3112. They need to be lined at the vulnerable points. Financial assistance is also required for the rehabilitation of drop structures and rebuilding the destroyed embankments. Around 26 percent of tarmers in Gundur and 29 percent of farmers in Hagedal mentioned that the agency should undertake the construction of ayacut roads and arrange crop processing and marketing facilities along with an adequate communication system. Because of the high rate of interest in the informal credit market, the provision of timely credit from C ADA for land leveling, construction of field canals and drains, equipment purchase, etc. was felt by a considerable number of farmers in both the villages. The highest priority given by the sample farmers in both the villages in terms of technical support required from the agency is for general training of farmers. Farmers stated they would benefit from training in methods of judicious use of water as per crop-water requirement under different climatic conditions, seed selection, and proper application of pesticides, insecticides and fertilizers. Farmers complained that in the past five years the "Gram Sevak" has not visited the village even once. It is the private pesticide and fertilizer companies who come to the village with posters and manuals regarding the use of fertilizers and pesticides and the farmers do not trust them completely. but are left with no choice. Reclamation of lands affected by waterlogging and salinity is another aspect where the farmers are unable to carry out work on their own and required agency intervention. In Hagedal, free government assistance has created a sense of speculative dependency among farmers towards the government for rehabilitation and maintenance of irrigation infra
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Water Users Association and Irrigat
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Phone: 91 080-23215468/5592/5519 FA
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grant was of great help in undertak
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LIST OF TABLES Page. No. 1.1: Outla
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8.3: Estimated Production Functions
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Chapter 1 Introduction The natural
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partition, 8.8 million hectares of
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levels. This is more so with major
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"twin problems" (Details of general
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~~~,~~ Figure 1.1 gives the data fr
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much lower at 1.6 million hectares
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Table 1.3: Incidence of Waterloggin
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as they severely limit the choice o
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water managers sometimes succumbed
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(Carruthus 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; F
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While some of the root causes contr
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Irrigation tends to artificially in
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Appendix 1.2: Important committees,
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degradation is more in the command
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The study by Abassi (1991) on the e
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account of irrigation development a
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without providing adequate canal se
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, Sathyanarayana et al. (200 I) doc
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in the operation and maintenance of
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waterlogging. The study emphasizes
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... The studies reviewed so far, cl
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to ensure greater production from l
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mentioned the effective training of
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Transfer of management for the 12,0
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Ahmad (2000) claimed that water sca
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Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology a
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components of the same l . The envi
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Table 3.1: Total Number of Farmers
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Secondary data have been collected
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Lowdennilk 1981). Bardhan (1984) an
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attempting to achieve collective be
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External conditions: Physical and t
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etc. It is a supply-oriented design
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Appendix 3.1: Salient Features of T
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Chapter 4 Profile of the Sample Vil
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Figure 4.3: Map of Gllndllr Village
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is used to supplement the canal wat
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It is interesting to note that leas
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Table 4.2: Caste-wise Distribution
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more land in the upper and middle r
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than 30 years experience (see Table
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Table 4.12: Distribution of Farmers
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cultivation in the upper and the mi
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Labor shortages are common at peak
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amount of RS.25 but during the year
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majority of the sample fanners are
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I. To introduce a schedule of water
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Rule Enforcement .:. The Associatio
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Chapter 5 Farmers' Knowledge and Pe
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transect walks which revealed that
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consumption which are known to be s
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should be noted that these lands ha
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their lands fully, while some suffe
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management strategies and type of c
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d · 15 degra at IOn . ill Hagedal,
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cropping and intensive irrigation o
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Farmers knowledge of the proposed c
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Reasons for violation In both the v
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mild waterlogging and were not cult
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1 0 increasing susceptibility of cr
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of a water intensive crop. The exce
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over irrigate their fields. There a
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depends on the provision of opportu
Page 137 and 138: The next most frequently used strat
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Page 141 and 142: the field than needed as insurance
Page 143 and 144: of the irrigation fields are kept i
Page 145 and 146: In a detailed analysis of the TBP,
Page 147 and 148: The most popular practice in Gundur
Page 149 and 150: grazing lands and the consequent re
Page 151 and 152: do poor quality work. There IS gove
Page 153 and 154: the task of organizational and admi
Page 155 and 156: have merged the information from bo
Page 157 and 158: Three brothers working on leased la
Page 159 and 160: everyone individually chooses to ta
Page 161 and 162: irrigation officials who exercised
Page 163 and 164: water] The local leadership is not
Page 165 and 166: Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the
Page 167 and 168: In afocus group discussion one of t
Page 169 and 170: I In Gundur, women are members in t
Page 171 and 172: I It can be noted from Table 7.4 th
Page 173 and 174: I land and other farmers do not mak
Page 175 and 176: • that cattle do not damage the i
Page 177 and 178: I the existing situations of their
Page 179 and 180: I riding" has become a rational cho
Page 181 and 182: I customary nonns. Intangible benef
Page 183 and 184: I tennite mounds on fields. They be
Page 185 and 186: I Leadership The quality of leaders
Page 187: • One o{the office bearers commen
Page 191 and 192: • keeping water cess books and bi
Page 193 and 194: • through strict rule enforcement
Page 195 and 196: • to improve the quality of the W
Page 197 and 198: collective management drainage. The
Page 199 and 200: PIM initiative did not originate in
Page 201 and 202: sustainability could be expected th
Page 203 and 204: Chapter 8 Impact of Water Users' As
Page 205 and 206: I examines the efficacy of fanners
Page 207 and 208: I is 2744.15 kg whereas in Hagedal
Page 209 and 210: lands in Gundur is more compared to
Page 211 and 212: Table 8.3: Estimated Production Fun
Page 213 and 214: decline by 2.5 percent in Gundur an
Page 215 and 216: In Gundur, farmers identified crop
Page 217 and 218: I Other key problems were the poor
Page 219 and 220: • Appendix 8.1: Water Availabilit
Page 221 and 222: • Chapter 9 Summary and Conclusio
Page 223 and 224: I In Hagedal, one of the sample vil
Page 225 and 226: I In irrigated fanning of the fanne
Page 227 and 228: I management practices evolved by W
Page 229 and 230: • comparable estimates, it would
Page 231 and 232: • PIM policy should not just stop
Page 233 and 234: References Abbasi~ S. A. 199} .. En
Page 235 and 236: Bre~e~·hJ· d S , Kolavalli. A. H.
Page 237 and 238: • Dhawan, B. D. 2002. Technologic
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Gmernment of India. Tenth Five- Yea
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Joshi. P. K. ,.1987. "Effect of Sur
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Maloney._ C and K. V. Raju. 1994. '
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Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of"Collec
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Reddy, t'vl. Venkata. 1996. "Tungab
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Sridharan. K. and S. Vedula. 1985.
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Wade, Robert. 1987 "Ma . '. . . . n
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