Water Users Association and Irrigation Management - Institute for ...

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Irrigation System Management It is well known that the efficiency of water management depends a great deal on maintaining the operational system through timely repairs to the structures as and when required. The problems of waterlogging and salinity are also due to improper maintenance of irrigation structures. We will examine how the WUA assumed responsibility to maintam the system in good condition and facilitated the efficient use of water. In Gundur, although the construction, repairs and rehabilitation of the irrigation infrastructure rests with the agency, the WUA makes the decision regarding maintenance and how the maintenance work will be organized. Based on the annual inspection of irrigation structures, the WUA draws up the annual maintenance plan and prioritizes the essential structural maintenance, for the agricultural season. The main works are removal of slit, clearing of weeds and vegetation, closing of minor breaches, repair of canal banks. etc. Priorities in cleaning of the system and repair are made and the costing of this is taken into account in the budget. The WUA allocates financial as well as human resources for various activities. Maintenance plans and tasks are usually not postponed and executed during the canal closure period. Sub-distributary 3112 which serves the command area of the WUA is a kacha structure. Hence rapid siltation takes place so it is collectively desilted twice a year. Although the farmers individually maintain the field canals, they collectively maintain drainage canals by undertaking weeding once in a year before the irrigation season starts. Maintaining natural and collector drains and cleaning around the control structures are again collectively done by the farmers. The WUA contracts larger jobs like repair of access roads, canal crossings, drop structures, etc. to private contractors. Office bearers generally instruct, supervise and monitor the hired laborers during works. Table 7.4: Farmers' Contribution for Maintenance in Cundur Form of Small Medium Large Total (in contribution percent) Labor 9 (56.3) I (9.1) 1 (5.0) 23.4 Money 3 (18.3) 4 (36.4) 6 (80.0) 44.9 Labor + Money 4 (25.0) 6 (54.5) 3 (15.0) 31.5 Note: Figures In parentheSiS mdlcate the percentages to the total m the .peC! S .' fie eate g 0 ry 158
I It can be noted from Table 7.4 that nearly 45 percent of farmers paid money to carry out 0 & M activities. Small farmers (around 56 percent) preferred contributing labor while almost 55 percent of medium farmers contributed either money or labor. In view of the increasing contributions in labor and in kind, the office bearers sought cash contributions, to build the corpus fund. In relative terms, in the contribution of labor or money, the socioeconomic status of the farmer is not an important variable for differentiation to the WUA. The responsibility taken up by the WUA for Operation and Maintenance (O&M) has provided an opportunity to develop technical skills among the members. This has led to adequate capacity building within the community to handle repair and management tasks and has created sizeable cadres of local workers familiar with minor repair works. Infrastructure is effectively maintained by the WUA since the users have a direct stake in better quality work. Labor contributions by users have also ensured lower cash costs of O&M. There has been tremendous improvement in the quality of works carried out on the distributaries by WUAs (Jairath, 200 I). Johnson's study (1997) in Mexico points out that WUAs have proven capable of operating and maintaining the modules, even up to sizes in excess of 50,000 hectares and water fees collected have funded most of the O&M activities. In Turkey, when O&M responsibilities were transferred to the WUA the operational efficiency and the maintenance of the delivery systems improved, with/the result that the water supplies have become more predictable (Scheumann, 1997). One farmer who contributes labor regularlv commented: "Repairs executed by the ID are not under the supervision of skilled personnel and also the staff tends to spend little time 011 the distributaries resulting in relatively low knowledge of detailed maintenance needs. while minor repair works identified by the WUA can be more efficiently carried out by us ". The WUA ensures that contributions for providing the maintenance of a given collective good (infrastructure) are predictably obtained from all beneficiaries through the use of enforceable joint a/,'feements that define a fair share of contribution. And this obligation to bear the cost is tightly interconnected with the delivery of the benefit. Hence, the WUA is 159
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Water Users Association and Irrigat
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Phone: 91 080-23215468/5592/5519 FA
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grant was of great help in undertak
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LIST OF TABLES Page. No. 1.1: Outla
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8.3: Estimated Production Functions
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Chapter 1 Introduction The natural
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partition, 8.8 million hectares of
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levels. This is more so with major
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"twin problems" (Details of general
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~~~,~~ Figure 1.1 gives the data fr
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much lower at 1.6 million hectares
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Table 1.3: Incidence of Waterloggin
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as they severely limit the choice o
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water managers sometimes succumbed
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(Carruthus 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; F
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While some of the root causes contr
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Irrigation tends to artificially in
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Appendix 1.2: Important committees,
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degradation is more in the command
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The study by Abassi (1991) on the e
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account of irrigation development a
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without providing adequate canal se
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, Sathyanarayana et al. (200 I) doc
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in the operation and maintenance of
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waterlogging. The study emphasizes
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... The studies reviewed so far, cl
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to ensure greater production from l
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mentioned the effective training of
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Transfer of management for the 12,0
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Ahmad (2000) claimed that water sca
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Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology a
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components of the same l . The envi
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Table 3.1: Total Number of Farmers
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Secondary data have been collected
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Lowdennilk 1981). Bardhan (1984) an
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attempting to achieve collective be
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External conditions: Physical and t
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etc. It is a supply-oriented design
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Appendix 3.1: Salient Features of T
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Chapter 4 Profile of the Sample Vil
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Figure 4.3: Map of Gllndllr Village
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is used to supplement the canal wat
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It is interesting to note that leas
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Table 4.2: Caste-wise Distribution
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more land in the upper and middle r
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than 30 years experience (see Table
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Table 4.12: Distribution of Farmers
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cultivation in the upper and the mi
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Labor shortages are common at peak
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amount of RS.25 but during the year
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majority of the sample fanners are
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I. To introduce a schedule of water
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Rule Enforcement .:. The Associatio
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Chapter 5 Farmers' Knowledge and Pe
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transect walks which revealed that
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consumption which are known to be s
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should be noted that these lands ha
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their lands fully, while some suffe
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management strategies and type of c
Page 119 and 120: d · 15 degra at IOn . ill Hagedal,
Page 121 and 122: cropping and intensive irrigation o
Page 123 and 124: Farmers knowledge of the proposed c
Page 125 and 126: Reasons for violation In both the v
Page 127 and 128: mild waterlogging and were not cult
Page 129 and 130: 1 0 increasing susceptibility of cr
Page 131 and 132: of a water intensive crop. The exce
Page 133 and 134: over irrigate their fields. There a
Page 135 and 136: depends on the provision of opportu
Page 137 and 138: The next most frequently used strat
Page 139 and 140: irrigation channels is the responsi
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Page 143 and 144: of the irrigation fields are kept i
Page 145 and 146: In a detailed analysis of the TBP,
Page 147 and 148: The most popular practice in Gundur
Page 149 and 150: grazing lands and the consequent re
Page 151 and 152: do poor quality work. There IS gove
Page 153 and 154: the task of organizational and admi
Page 155 and 156: have merged the information from bo
Page 157 and 158: Three brothers working on leased la
Page 159 and 160: everyone individually chooses to ta
Page 161 and 162: irrigation officials who exercised
Page 163 and 164: water] The local leadership is not
Page 165 and 166: Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the
Page 167 and 168: In afocus group discussion one of t
Page 169: I In Gundur, women are members in t
Page 173 and 174: I land and other farmers do not mak
Page 175 and 176: • that cattle do not damage the i
Page 177 and 178: I the existing situations of their
Page 179 and 180: I riding" has become a rational cho
Page 181 and 182: I customary nonns. Intangible benef
Page 183 and 184: I tennite mounds on fields. They be
Page 185 and 186: I Leadership The quality of leaders
Page 187 and 188: • One o{the office bearers commen
Page 189 and 190: • the causes for waterlogging and
Page 191 and 192: • keeping water cess books and bi
Page 193 and 194: • through strict rule enforcement
Page 195 and 196: • to improve the quality of the W
Page 197 and 198: collective management drainage. The
Page 199 and 200: PIM initiative did not originate in
Page 201 and 202: sustainability could be expected th
Page 203 and 204: Chapter 8 Impact of Water Users' As
Page 205 and 206: I examines the efficacy of fanners
Page 207 and 208: I is 2744.15 kg whereas in Hagedal
Page 209 and 210: lands in Gundur is more compared to
Page 211 and 212: Table 8.3: Estimated Production Fun
Page 213 and 214: decline by 2.5 percent in Gundur an
Page 215 and 216: In Gundur, farmers identified crop
Page 217 and 218: I Other key problems were the poor
Page 219 and 220: • Appendix 8.1: Water Availabilit
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• Chapter 9 Summary and Conclusio
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I In Hagedal, one of the sample vil
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I In irrigated fanning of the fanne
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I management practices evolved by W
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• comparable estimates, it would
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• PIM policy should not just stop
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References Abbasi~ S. A. 199} .. En
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Bre~e~·hJ· d S , Kolavalli. A. H.
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• Dhawan, B. D. 2002. Technologic
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Gmernment of India. Tenth Five- Yea
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Joshi. P. K. ,.1987. "Effect of Sur
Page 243 and 244:
Maloney._ C and K. V. Raju. 1994. '
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Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of"Collec
Page 247 and 248:
Reddy, t'vl. Venkata. 1996. "Tungab
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Sridharan. K. and S. Vedula. 1985.
Page 251 and 252:
Wade, Robert. 1987 "Ma . '. . . . n
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