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there is no primary health centre and the nearest one is in Siddapur. Agricultural inputs like pesticides are available from the two privately owned shops. There are three grocery shops, four tea stalls, two tailoring shops and a medical shop in Gundur. There are a few more shops such as wilding and bicycle repairing shops. In HagedaJ. there is no pnmary health centre although there are two private medical practitioners. The nearest college and primary health centre is in Siddapur. However, the village has a youth club and a few small temples. There is a local vegetable market in this village. which is a daily market unlike the village weekly '·santae oo • Agricultural inputs like seeds and pesticides are available from the privately owned shops in the villages. But the distribution of traders who stoked agricultural implements is unsatisfactory. Although farmers arc aware of institutional credit, and a large number of farmers have availed of this facility from the nearby banks and credit co-operatives, yet informal credit is rampant in both the villages. Often, for marketing of their produce the growers are at the mercy of private traders, Non government organizations are not operating in both the villages. Socio-economic features of the respondents in Gundur and HagedaJ For obtaining the required information, an interview was conducted with the head of the household or any member of the household who was actually engaged in farming in the selected study area. This was done as almost all the queries were dealing with agriculture and irrigation. Thus, our respondent need not necessarily be the head of the household. At times other members of the household have assisted the respondents during the interviews. Male members head the majority of the houses. Female heads primarily comprise of widows and took the help of male family members to give interviews. The socio-economic profile of the respondents has been presented below: The sample households have been categorized into five groups: Upper castes, Other Backward Castes (OBC), Schedule Caste and Schedule Tribes (SC & ST), Muslims and Christian, the details of which are presented in table 4.2. 76
Table 4.2: Caste-wise Distribution of Sample Households Religion/Caste Cundur Hagedal Upper 19 (40.4) 39 (56.5) OBC 7 (14.9) 17 (24.6) ~ SC and ST 17 (36.2) 9 (13) Muslim 3 (6.4) 3 (4.3) Christian 1(2.1) 1(1.4) Total 47 69 Note: Figures In parenthesIS indicate percent. The caste structure of the sample presents a dominance of Hindu upper castes in both the villages. The Hindu upper caste consisting of Brahmin, Lingayat, Gowda, Reddy, etc. account for 56.5 percent and 40.4 percent in Hagedal and Gundur, respectively. More than one-third of the sample farmers belong to SC and ST in Gundur village whereas in Hagedal they constitute 13 percent of the sample households. Muslims and Christians are conspicuous by their small number in both the villages. There are few small temples in both the villages but they neither have a church nor a mosque. Table 4.3: Distribution of Respondents by Age Croups Age group of Cundur Hagedal respondents Up to 25 years 2(4.3) 7 (10.1) 26-40 years 19 (40.3) 32 (46.4) 41-60 years 23 (48.9) 21 (30.4) 61 and above 3 (6.4) 9 (13) Total 47 69 Average age 44 40 Note: Figures In parentheSIS indicate percent. The largest proportion of the respondents (48.9 percent) in Gundur fall in the age group of 41 to 60 years, while in Hagedal the majority (46.4 percent) are in the age group of 26 to 40 years. The average age of our respondents is 44 and 40 years in Gundur and Hagedal, respectively (sec Table 4.1). In terms of education, 43 percent in Gundur and 49 percent in Hagedal are illiterate (see Table 4.4). Among those who are educated, the highest proportion in both the villages consists of those who have a high school level of education. Only 8.5 percent of the 77
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Water Users Association and Irrigat
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Phone: 91 080-23215468/5592/5519 FA
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grant was of great help in undertak
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LIST OF TABLES Page. No. 1.1: Outla
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8.3: Estimated Production Functions
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Chapter 1 Introduction The natural
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partition, 8.8 million hectares of
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levels. This is more so with major
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"twin problems" (Details of general
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~~~,~~ Figure 1.1 gives the data fr
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much lower at 1.6 million hectares
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Table 1.3: Incidence of Waterloggin
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as they severely limit the choice o
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water managers sometimes succumbed
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(Carruthus 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; F
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While some of the root causes contr
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Irrigation tends to artificially in
Page 35 and 36: Appendix 1.2: Important committees,
Page 37 and 38: degradation is more in the command
Page 39 and 40: The study by Abassi (1991) on the e
Page 41 and 42: account of irrigation development a
Page 43 and 44: without providing adequate canal se
Page 45 and 46: , Sathyanarayana et al. (200 I) doc
Page 47 and 48: in the operation and maintenance of
Page 49 and 50: waterlogging. The study emphasizes
Page 51 and 52: ... The studies reviewed so far, cl
Page 53 and 54: to ensure greater production from l
Page 55 and 56: mentioned the effective training of
Page 57 and 58: Transfer of management for the 12,0
Page 59 and 60: Ahmad (2000) claimed that water sca
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology a
Page 63 and 64: components of the same l . The envi
Page 65 and 66: Table 3.1: Total Number of Farmers
Page 67 and 68: Secondary data have been collected
Page 69 and 70: Lowdennilk 1981). Bardhan (1984) an
Page 71 and 72: attempting to achieve collective be
Page 73 and 74: External conditions: Physical and t
Page 75 and 76: etc. It is a supply-oriented design
Page 77 and 78: Appendix 3.1: Salient Features of T
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 4 Profile of the Sample Vil
Page 81 and 82: Figure 4.3: Map of Gllndllr Village
Page 83 and 84: is used to supplement the canal wat
Page 85: It is interesting to note that leas
Page 89 and 90: more land in the upper and middle r
Page 91 and 92: than 30 years experience (see Table
Page 93 and 94: Table 4.12: Distribution of Farmers
Page 95 and 96: cultivation in the upper and the mi
Page 97 and 98: Labor shortages are common at peak
Page 99 and 100: amount of RS.25 but during the year
Page 101 and 102: majority of the sample fanners are
Page 103 and 104: I. To introduce a schedule of water
Page 105 and 106: Rule Enforcement .:. The Associatio
Page 107 and 108: Chapter 5 Farmers' Knowledge and Pe
Page 109 and 110: transect walks which revealed that
Page 111 and 112: consumption which are known to be s
Page 113 and 114: should be noted that these lands ha
Page 115 and 116: their lands fully, while some suffe
Page 117 and 118: management strategies and type of c
Page 119 and 120: d · 15 degra at IOn . ill Hagedal,
Page 121 and 122: cropping and intensive irrigation o
Page 123 and 124: Farmers knowledge of the proposed c
Page 125 and 126: Reasons for violation In both the v
Page 127 and 128: mild waterlogging and were not cult
Page 129 and 130: 1 0 increasing susceptibility of cr
Page 131 and 132: of a water intensive crop. The exce
Page 133 and 134: over irrigate their fields. There a
Page 135 and 136: depends on the provision of opportu
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The next most frequently used strat
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irrigation channels is the responsi
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the field than needed as insurance
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of the irrigation fields are kept i
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In a detailed analysis of the TBP,
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The most popular practice in Gundur
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grazing lands and the consequent re
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do poor quality work. There IS gove
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the task of organizational and admi
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have merged the information from bo
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Three brothers working on leased la
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everyone individually chooses to ta
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irrigation officials who exercised
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water] The local leadership is not
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Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the
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In afocus group discussion one of t
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I In Gundur, women are members in t
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I It can be noted from Table 7.4 th
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I land and other farmers do not mak
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• that cattle do not damage the i
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I the existing situations of their
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I riding" has become a rational cho
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I customary nonns. Intangible benef
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I tennite mounds on fields. They be
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I Leadership The quality of leaders
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• One o{the office bearers commen
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• the causes for waterlogging and
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• keeping water cess books and bi
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• through strict rule enforcement
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• to improve the quality of the W
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collective management drainage. The
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PIM initiative did not originate in
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sustainability could be expected th
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Chapter 8 Impact of Water Users' As
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I examines the efficacy of fanners
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I is 2744.15 kg whereas in Hagedal
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lands in Gundur is more compared to
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Table 8.3: Estimated Production Fun
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decline by 2.5 percent in Gundur an
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In Gundur, farmers identified crop
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I Other key problems were the poor
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• Appendix 8.1: Water Availabilit
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• Chapter 9 Summary and Conclusio
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I In Hagedal, one of the sample vil
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I In irrigated fanning of the fanne
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I management practices evolved by W
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• comparable estimates, it would
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• PIM policy should not just stop
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References Abbasi~ S. A. 199} .. En
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Bre~e~·hJ· d S , Kolavalli. A. H.
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• Dhawan, B. D. 2002. Technologic
Page 239 and 240:
Gmernment of India. Tenth Five- Yea
Page 241 and 242:
Joshi. P. K. ,.1987. "Effect of Sur
Page 243 and 244:
Maloney._ C and K. V. Raju. 1994. '
Page 245 and 246:
Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of"Collec
Page 247 and 248:
Reddy, t'vl. Venkata. 1996. "Tungab
Page 249 and 250:
Sridharan. K. and S. Vedula. 1985.
Page 251 and 252:
Wade, Robert. 1987 "Ma . '. . . . n
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