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"Provision of drainage is expensIVe and many water resources projects may not be economically viable, if, this component is added to the cost of new projects. The issue needs to be resolved quickly" (p 31). Hence, this remains one of the major hidden costs of many of the dams. However, rcsolving waterlogging and salinity problems entails significant rehabilitation costs (underestimation of project costs) and loss of productivity over time (over estimation of benet its). Second. despite the spread of waterlogging and salinity, the gravity of the problem is often not gi\'en adequate attention by decision-makers (FAO 1990). In some cases, although adequate plans for irrigation and drainage operations, maintenance and monitoring are included. governments lack commitment to perform the necessary corrective tasks. In the Sinaloa Project in Mexico. incomplete construction of the drainage system in the Left Bank resulted in increasing salinity problems but at the same time, an irrigation and drainage project was initiated in the Right Bank. Government policy and farmer pressure to expand irrigated areas in the Right Bank at the expense of the completion of unfinished works in the Left Bank prevented the shifting of funds to solve the drainage problems in the Left Bank (OED data 1989). Third. drainage infrastructure entails substantial investments where the benetits are realized only at a later stage. For this reason, many policy makers believe drainage is less politically advantageous. Also. due to scare financial resources in many developing countries, drainage development is often postponed. In the case of India, much less emphasis has been placed on drainage even where such investments are clearly needed and inadequate provision of funds for maintenance of drains has been made, amounting to as little as 10 to 20 percent of funding requirements in most states (World Bank 1991). In many places, obstruction of natural drainage by construction of roads, railways and embankments has disturbed the surface hydrology and aggravated drainage problems. Poor construction and maintenance Canal and other intfastructure deterioration IS another important factor contributing to excessive seepage and the deep percolation of water. Often, it is the result of inadequate maintenance, but in some cases this can result from the poor quality of construction 18
(Carruthus 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; FAO 1990). An impact evaluation by the OED (1989) of 21 World Bank projects found that the main factor adversely affecting the performance of irrigation and drainage systems was the premature deterioration of civil works and water control structures. This problem was noted in three projects in Africa, five projects in Asia and tour in Latin America and the Caribbean. An irrigation sector review of India, made by the World Bank in 1991. concluded that there was poor sector planning and financial management on the one hand and inadequate water management and maintenancc on the other, which led to a mediocre performance. In several projects, low construction standards made it difticult to operate and maintain the irrigation systems, causing higher water losses than anticipatcd, and substantially reducing the life of the projects. The reasons for poor maintenance are identified as insufficient funding, lack of systematic maintenance, and poor construction standards. Project planning inadequacies Some responsibility tor irrigation-induced salinity and waterlogging is attributable to ineffective project planning. OED (1989) attributes the poor performance to a number of design tlaws that are attributable to insufticient project preparation, inadequate attention to improved technologies that have become available in both irrigation and drainage and a deliberate policy to build simple and cheap systems as rapidly as possible to ensure food security. In most large-scale systems, the upstream control systems have been designed without adequate regard to the problems faced by farmers in securing local control (Bottrall 1985: Bromley 1982; Lowdermilk 1986; Wade 1987). The improper elevation of canal beds. erosion from unlined canals and seepage from poorly designed and constructed canals can all lead to the creation of stagnant water (Goonasekere & Amerasinghe 1988). Government policies and programs While over use of water by farmers is partly attributable to the lack of awareness about proper water application methods and water management, government policies particularly, water pricing policies playa more signiticant role in determining the technologies adopted and levels of farmer water use. According to the World Development Report (1992), free or heavily subsidized water supply has been a disincentive to the efficient use of water 19
Page 1 and 2: Water Users Association and Irrigat
Page 3 and 4: Phone: 91 080-23215468/5592/5519 FA
Page 5 and 6: grant was of great help in undertak
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF TABLES Page. No. 1.1: Outla
Page 9 and 10: 8.3: Estimated Production Functions
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1 Introduction The natural
Page 13 and 14: partition, 8.8 million hectares of
Page 15 and 16: levels. This is more so with major
Page 17 and 18: "twin problems" (Details of general
Page 19 and 20: ~~~,~~ Figure 1.1 gives the data fr
Page 21 and 22: much lower at 1.6 million hectares
Page 23 and 24: Table 1.3: Incidence of Waterloggin
Page 25 and 26: as they severely limit the choice o
Page 27: water managers sometimes succumbed
Page 31 and 32: While some of the root causes contr
Page 33 and 34: Irrigation tends to artificially in
Page 35 and 36: Appendix 1.2: Important committees,
Page 37 and 38: degradation is more in the command
Page 39 and 40: The study by Abassi (1991) on the e
Page 41 and 42: account of irrigation development a
Page 43 and 44: without providing adequate canal se
Page 45 and 46: , Sathyanarayana et al. (200 I) doc
Page 47 and 48: in the operation and maintenance of
Page 49 and 50: waterlogging. The study emphasizes
Page 51 and 52: ... The studies reviewed so far, cl
Page 53 and 54: to ensure greater production from l
Page 55 and 56: mentioned the effective training of
Page 57 and 58: Transfer of management for the 12,0
Page 59 and 60: Ahmad (2000) claimed that water sca
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology a
Page 63 and 64: components of the same l . The envi
Page 65 and 66: Table 3.1: Total Number of Farmers
Page 67 and 68: Secondary data have been collected
Page 69 and 70: Lowdennilk 1981). Bardhan (1984) an
Page 71 and 72: attempting to achieve collective be
Page 73 and 74: External conditions: Physical and t
Page 75 and 76: etc. It is a supply-oriented design
Page 77 and 78: Appendix 3.1: Salient Features of T
Page 79 and 80:
Chapter 4 Profile of the Sample Vil
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 4.3: Map of Gllndllr Village
Page 83 and 84:
is used to supplement the canal wat
Page 85 and 86:
It is interesting to note that leas
Page 87 and 88:
Table 4.2: Caste-wise Distribution
Page 89 and 90:
more land in the upper and middle r
Page 91 and 92:
than 30 years experience (see Table
Page 93 and 94:
Table 4.12: Distribution of Farmers
Page 95 and 96:
cultivation in the upper and the mi
Page 97 and 98:
Labor shortages are common at peak
Page 99 and 100:
amount of RS.25 but during the year
Page 101 and 102:
majority of the sample fanners are
Page 103 and 104:
I. To introduce a schedule of water
Page 105 and 106:
Rule Enforcement .:. The Associatio
Page 107 and 108:
Chapter 5 Farmers' Knowledge and Pe
Page 109 and 110:
transect walks which revealed that
Page 111 and 112:
consumption which are known to be s
Page 113 and 114:
should be noted that these lands ha
Page 115 and 116:
their lands fully, while some suffe
Page 117 and 118:
management strategies and type of c
Page 119 and 120:
d · 15 degra at IOn . ill Hagedal,
Page 121 and 122:
cropping and intensive irrigation o
Page 123 and 124:
Farmers knowledge of the proposed c
Page 125 and 126:
Reasons for violation In both the v
Page 127 and 128:
mild waterlogging and were not cult
Page 129 and 130:
1 0 increasing susceptibility of cr
Page 131 and 132:
of a water intensive crop. The exce
Page 133 and 134:
over irrigate their fields. There a
Page 135 and 136:
depends on the provision of opportu
Page 137 and 138:
The next most frequently used strat
Page 139 and 140:
irrigation channels is the responsi
Page 141 and 142:
the field than needed as insurance
Page 143 and 144:
of the irrigation fields are kept i
Page 145 and 146:
In a detailed analysis of the TBP,
Page 147 and 148:
The most popular practice in Gundur
Page 149 and 150:
grazing lands and the consequent re
Page 151 and 152:
do poor quality work. There IS gove
Page 153 and 154:
the task of organizational and admi
Page 155 and 156:
have merged the information from bo
Page 157 and 158:
Three brothers working on leased la
Page 159 and 160:
everyone individually chooses to ta
Page 161 and 162:
irrigation officials who exercised
Page 163 and 164:
water] The local leadership is not
Page 165 and 166:
Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the
Page 167 and 168:
In afocus group discussion one of t
Page 169 and 170:
I In Gundur, women are members in t
Page 171 and 172:
I It can be noted from Table 7.4 th
Page 173 and 174:
I land and other farmers do not mak
Page 175 and 176:
• that cattle do not damage the i
Page 177 and 178:
I the existing situations of their
Page 179 and 180:
I riding" has become a rational cho
Page 181 and 182:
I customary nonns. Intangible benef
Page 183 and 184:
I tennite mounds on fields. They be
Page 185 and 186:
I Leadership The quality of leaders
Page 187 and 188:
• One o{the office bearers commen
Page 189 and 190:
• the causes for waterlogging and
Page 191 and 192:
• keeping water cess books and bi
Page 193 and 194:
• through strict rule enforcement
Page 195 and 196:
• to improve the quality of the W
Page 197 and 198:
collective management drainage. The
Page 199 and 200:
PIM initiative did not originate in
Page 201 and 202:
sustainability could be expected th
Page 203 and 204:
Chapter 8 Impact of Water Users' As
Page 205 and 206:
I examines the efficacy of fanners
Page 207 and 208:
I is 2744.15 kg whereas in Hagedal
Page 209 and 210:
lands in Gundur is more compared to
Page 211 and 212:
Table 8.3: Estimated Production Fun
Page 213 and 214:
decline by 2.5 percent in Gundur an
Page 215 and 216:
In Gundur, farmers identified crop
Page 217 and 218:
I Other key problems were the poor
Page 219 and 220:
• Appendix 8.1: Water Availabilit
Page 221 and 222:
• Chapter 9 Summary and Conclusio
Page 223 and 224:
I In Hagedal, one of the sample vil
Page 225 and 226:
I In irrigated fanning of the fanne
Page 227 and 228:
I management practices evolved by W
Page 229 and 230:
• comparable estimates, it would
Page 231 and 232:
• PIM policy should not just stop
Page 233 and 234:
References Abbasi~ S. A. 199} .. En
Page 235 and 236:
Bre~e~·hJ· d S , Kolavalli. A. H.
Page 237 and 238:
• Dhawan, B. D. 2002. Technologic
Page 239 and 240:
Gmernment of India. Tenth Five- Yea
Page 241 and 242:
Joshi. P. K. ,.1987. "Effect of Sur
Page 243 and 244:
Maloney._ C and K. V. Raju. 1994. '
Page 245 and 246:
Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of"Collec
Page 247 and 248:
Reddy, t'vl. Venkata. 1996. "Tungab
Page 249 and 250:
Sridharan. K. and S. Vedula. 1985.
Page 251 and 252:
Wade, Robert. 1987 "Ma . '. . . . n
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