Water Users Association and Irrigation Management - Institute for ...

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I times the WUA took the help of the village elders or leaders, who may not hold any formal position in the society, to settle conflicts. It is interesting to note that so far no issues of dispute have gone either to the irrigation otlicer or to the civil court. When conflicts arise between members and office bearers of the WUA it is often resolved with the help of influential village elders. Table 7.8 Reasons for Conflict in Gundur Cart/tractor Not Irrigating Using irrigation Personal destroying contributing without water for other differences Reasons field canals labor on right/water purposes getting and ditches time theft manifested in farming activities ._..__ . __.- Percent 46.2 15.4 7.7 23.1 7.7 The farmers have given the reasons for conflict and are mentioned in Table 7.8. The most common reason for conflict was that cart or tractor movement is destroying the neighboring field canals and ditches (46.2 percent) resulting in seepage or silting or flooding of neighboring fields. The WUA is considering providing PVC pipes to enable the smooth motion of tractors and carts. Farmers are willing to contribute money and labor to undertake this activity. The next important reason for conflict consists in use of irrigation water for washing cattle, cart, tractor, domestic use, etc. (23.1 percent) followed by not contributing labor on time (15.4 percent). Conflict due to non-contribution of labor on time is mostly resolved by the intervention of the WUA in a formal way, because farmers are more accountable to the WUA than fellow farmers regarding contribution of labor. Conflicts due to irrigating without right or water theft and personal differences getting manifested in farming activities are limited and insignificant. Farmers did not indulge in illegal diversion of water or taking water by force or stealing water. The books in which fines over conflicts are recorded revealed that in the past five years only seven cases were formally reported and all the farmers were one-time offenders and were not mentioned again in the fine book. The fines are fixed depending on the gravity of the offence and sometimes on the individual's ability to pay. The potential for water-related disputes are low due to equitable supply and because farmers adhere to the 166
I customary nonns. Intangible benefits of reduction in conflicts due to improved equity provided by the WUA to fanners have been reported in Ozar, Bhima and Shevre WUA in Maharastra (Brewer et a!. 1999). One olthefarmers expressed his view: ·"Tlre cost olllllmiliation to me ildetected cheating as contrasted to payingjines imposed in monetary terms is extrao,.dinari~v high. It is important for me to maintain my reputation as a reliable member oj"the association ". Conflicts between members and the office bearers of the WUA and between WUA and the government irrigation agency were found to be rare. But there are some instances of disputes between the WU A and other group of irrigators in the upper reaches of the distributaries who were trying to divert water from the canal illegally to their lands. In Hagedal, where there is no WUA, it is essential to know the nature of conf1icts and ways and means of resolution. The interesting aspect is that some of the small fanners initially were not willing to talk about conflicts in the village, while others, including large and influential farmers were prepared to report, with the assurance of anonymity. Table 7.9 Reasons for conflict in Hagedal Cart/tractor Water Damaging Personal destroying field theft/Taking infrastructure differences Reasons canals and ditches water while its getting someone else's manifested in turn farming activities Percent 25 40 20 15 Water theft through illegal diversion or out of turn was the dominant reason (40 percent) for conflicts in Hagedal. Unauthorized outlets created by some farmers thereby damaging the infrastructure was another reason for conflict (20 percent). Infrastructure damage and water theft frequently go unpunished and farmers feel irrigation offences have increased. Sometimes these activities take place by persuading the field staff or by getting centers of power outside the system to bend the rules or prevent enforcement of penalties for violation 167
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Water Users Association and Irrigat
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Phone: 91 080-23215468/5592/5519 FA
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grant was of great help in undertak
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LIST OF TABLES Page. No. 1.1: Outla
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8.3: Estimated Production Functions
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Chapter 1 Introduction The natural
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partition, 8.8 million hectares of
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levels. This is more so with major
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"twin problems" (Details of general
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~~~,~~ Figure 1.1 gives the data fr
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much lower at 1.6 million hectares
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Table 1.3: Incidence of Waterloggin
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as they severely limit the choice o
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water managers sometimes succumbed
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(Carruthus 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; F
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While some of the root causes contr
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Irrigation tends to artificially in
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Appendix 1.2: Important committees,
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degradation is more in the command
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The study by Abassi (1991) on the e
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account of irrigation development a
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without providing adequate canal se
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, Sathyanarayana et al. (200 I) doc
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in the operation and maintenance of
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waterlogging. The study emphasizes
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... The studies reviewed so far, cl
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to ensure greater production from l
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mentioned the effective training of
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Transfer of management for the 12,0
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Ahmad (2000) claimed that water sca
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Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology a
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components of the same l . The envi
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Table 3.1: Total Number of Farmers
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Secondary data have been collected
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Lowdennilk 1981). Bardhan (1984) an
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attempting to achieve collective be
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External conditions: Physical and t
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etc. It is a supply-oriented design
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Appendix 3.1: Salient Features of T
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Chapter 4 Profile of the Sample Vil
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Figure 4.3: Map of Gllndllr Village
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is used to supplement the canal wat
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It is interesting to note that leas
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Table 4.2: Caste-wise Distribution
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more land in the upper and middle r
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than 30 years experience (see Table
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Table 4.12: Distribution of Farmers
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cultivation in the upper and the mi
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Labor shortages are common at peak
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amount of RS.25 but during the year
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majority of the sample fanners are
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I. To introduce a schedule of water
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Rule Enforcement .:. The Associatio
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Chapter 5 Farmers' Knowledge and Pe
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transect walks which revealed that
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consumption which are known to be s
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should be noted that these lands ha
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their lands fully, while some suffe
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management strategies and type of c
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d · 15 degra at IOn . ill Hagedal,
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cropping and intensive irrigation o
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Farmers knowledge of the proposed c
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Reasons for violation In both the v
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mild waterlogging and were not cult
Page 129 and 130: 1 0 increasing susceptibility of cr
Page 131 and 132: of a water intensive crop. The exce
Page 133 and 134: over irrigate their fields. There a
Page 135 and 136: depends on the provision of opportu
Page 137 and 138: The next most frequently used strat
Page 139 and 140: irrigation channels is the responsi
Page 141 and 142: the field than needed as insurance
Page 143 and 144: of the irrigation fields are kept i
Page 145 and 146: In a detailed analysis of the TBP,
Page 147 and 148: The most popular practice in Gundur
Page 149 and 150: grazing lands and the consequent re
Page 151 and 152: do poor quality work. There IS gove
Page 153 and 154: the task of organizational and admi
Page 155 and 156: have merged the information from bo
Page 157 and 158: Three brothers working on leased la
Page 159 and 160: everyone individually chooses to ta
Page 161 and 162: irrigation officials who exercised
Page 163 and 164: water] The local leadership is not
Page 165 and 166: Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the
Page 167 and 168: In afocus group discussion one of t
Page 169 and 170: I In Gundur, women are members in t
Page 171 and 172: I It can be noted from Table 7.4 th
Page 173 and 174: I land and other farmers do not mak
Page 175 and 176: • that cattle do not damage the i
Page 177 and 178: I the existing situations of their
Page 179: I riding" has become a rational cho
Page 183 and 184: I tennite mounds on fields. They be
Page 185 and 186: I Leadership The quality of leaders
Page 187 and 188: • One o{the office bearers commen
Page 189 and 190: • the causes for waterlogging and
Page 191 and 192: • keeping water cess books and bi
Page 193 and 194: • through strict rule enforcement
Page 195 and 196: • to improve the quality of the W
Page 197 and 198: collective management drainage. The
Page 199 and 200: PIM initiative did not originate in
Page 201 and 202: sustainability could be expected th
Page 203 and 204: Chapter 8 Impact of Water Users' As
Page 205 and 206: I examines the efficacy of fanners
Page 207 and 208: I is 2744.15 kg whereas in Hagedal
Page 209 and 210: lands in Gundur is more compared to
Page 211 and 212: Table 8.3: Estimated Production Fun
Page 213 and 214: decline by 2.5 percent in Gundur an
Page 215 and 216: In Gundur, farmers identified crop
Page 217 and 218: I Other key problems were the poor
Page 219 and 220: • Appendix 8.1: Water Availabilit
Page 221 and 222: • Chapter 9 Summary and Conclusio
Page 223 and 224: I In Hagedal, one of the sample vil
Page 225 and 226: I In irrigated fanning of the fanne
Page 227 and 228: I management practices evolved by W
Page 229 and 230: • comparable estimates, it would
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• PIM policy should not just stop
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References Abbasi~ S. A. 199} .. En
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Bre~e~·hJ· d S , Kolavalli. A. H.
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• Dhawan, B. D. 2002. Technologic
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Gmernment of India. Tenth Five- Yea
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Joshi. P. K. ,.1987. "Effect of Sur
Page 243 and 244:
Maloney._ C and K. V. Raju. 1994. '
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Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of"Collec
Page 247 and 248:
Reddy, t'vl. Venkata. 1996. "Tungab
Page 249 and 250:
Sridharan. K. and S. Vedula. 1985.
Page 251 and 252:
Wade, Robert. 1987 "Ma . '. . . . n
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