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Empirical results In this section we discuss the empirical results based on correlation coefticients, production function and decomposition analysis. It may be noted from Table 8.1 that on an average the land affected by salinity (0.79 acres) and waterlogging (0.51) in Gundur is less in comparison to the average land atTected by salinity (0.'.16 acres) and waterlogging (0.65 acres) in Hagedal. This is mainly because in Gundur, the WUA is actively involved in providing services to mitigate the adverse etTects (see Figure 7.1). The average use of seeds is more in Hagedal (33.24 kg/acre) than in Gundur (30.69 kg/acre), which is because the land affected by waterlogging is high in Hagedal and requires more seeds that help to overcome poor seed germination due to waterlogging. Similarly, the average usc of gypsum that is known to neutralize the carbonate and bicarbonate salts is more in Hagedal (272kg/acre) than in Gundur (209.1 kg/acre) since the lands affected by moderate and severe salinity is more in Hagedal. The application of FYM most of the time depends on the livestock owned by the farmers. In Gundur, around 77 percent of the sample farmers owned cattle while it is 69 percent in Hagedal. Hence, the average use of FYM is more in Gundur than in Hagedal. The application of FYM and green manure is one of the important strategies adopted by the farmers in Gundur to mitigate the adverse effects (see Table 6.4). Farmers in Hagedal and also in Gundur who did not have cattle purchased 2 FYM from the landless agricultural laborers who owned cattle. Fertilizer use is more in Gundur (458.73 kg/acre») because the farmers used it even on seedbeds. Hence the farmers in Gundur 4sed more fertilizers, even in farms that use large amounts of FYM. Farmers use more pesticides in the Kharif season, where there is greater risk of crop failure due to increased dampness that attracts more pests. Pesticides are also used more in waterlogged areas, because with increased soil moisture, soil temperature gets reduced, as a result, the activity of soil bacteria and other pests increase. Use of this is found to be more or less same in both the villages (around 14 kg/acre). The average yield per acre in Gundur 2 One cartload ofFYM will cost about Rs.55-65. J The use of fertilizers is much above than the recommended doses and is on the rise in the study area. But the state level consumption of various chemical fertilizers showed a slight decline in 2001-2002 due to untimely an d erra t· Ie d' 1S tn·b U t·on I of rainfall (Economic survey 2001-2002). A fierce debate has been ragmg over . the . use of mineral fertilizers for some time, pitting environmentalists against those who take a more commercial View of fanning. Over the years. each group has put fOlWard a number of-very divergent and somellmes elltreme opinions and strategies. 192
I is 2744.15 kg whereas in Hagedal it is 2482.19 kg per acre. This is because the lands in Gundur are relatively good as compared to the lands in Hagedal. Table 8.1: Descriptive Statistics of Important Variables used in Rice Production in Gundur and Hagedal village Fertilizer Pesticide F",{M Gypsum' Zinc Seeds~ Irrigation" Item Land affected by Salinity Land affected by waterlogging Yield Dala from 2000 Kharif season. Source: Own suney Notes: SD~ standard deviation Unit Kg/acre Kg/acre Kg/acre Kg/acre Kg/acre Kg/acre Standing water in Inches In acres In acres Kg/acre Village Gundur Hagedal Mean SD Mean SD 458.73 31.13 425.21 33.23 13.16 1.64 13.85 1.51 1214.89 149.65 1180.94 162.81 209.1 50.34 272 61.37 20.88 1.4 22.09 1.13 30.69 3.09 33.24 3.25 10.41 1.89 13.39 2.09 0.79 0.53 0.96 0.36 0.51 0.21 0.65 0.33 2694.15 159.57 2542.19 198.86 N~47 in Gundur \lllage and 69 In Ilagedal "llage. But In case of use of gypsum N= II in Gundur and 25 in Hagedal. this is because gypsum is used by farmers only in saline affected lands in both the study villages. Application of irrigation, which is taken in terms of standing water in inches, is found t~l be more in Hagedal than Gundur. This is because in Gundur, the WUA prevents over irrigation by strictly adopting thc Irrigation schedules. An interesting observation is that farmers sometimes are ready to make drastic variations in the applications of various inputs, but the amount of water applied to paddy remains almost unchanged. The estimated correlation cocfticlcnts of important variables to rice yields under different soil conditions of Gundur and flagellal villages arc given in Table 8.2 . • Gypsum and IInc arc soli amendments used as additives that are spread on the surface or injected into the soil of a field. I Rice seed is actually unhulled paddy. • For delail., see AppendIX. 193
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Water Users Association and Irrigat
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Phone: 91 080-23215468/5592/5519 FA
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grant was of great help in undertak
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LIST OF TABLES Page. No. 1.1: Outla
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8.3: Estimated Production Functions
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Chapter 1 Introduction The natural
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partition, 8.8 million hectares of
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levels. This is more so with major
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"twin problems" (Details of general
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~~~,~~ Figure 1.1 gives the data fr
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much lower at 1.6 million hectares
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Table 1.3: Incidence of Waterloggin
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as they severely limit the choice o
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water managers sometimes succumbed
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(Carruthus 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; F
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While some of the root causes contr
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Irrigation tends to artificially in
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Appendix 1.2: Important committees,
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degradation is more in the command
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The study by Abassi (1991) on the e
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account of irrigation development a
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without providing adequate canal se
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, Sathyanarayana et al. (200 I) doc
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in the operation and maintenance of
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waterlogging. The study emphasizes
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... The studies reviewed so far, cl
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to ensure greater production from l
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mentioned the effective training of
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Transfer of management for the 12,0
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Ahmad (2000) claimed that water sca
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Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology a
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components of the same l . The envi
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Table 3.1: Total Number of Farmers
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Secondary data have been collected
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Lowdennilk 1981). Bardhan (1984) an
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attempting to achieve collective be
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External conditions: Physical and t
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etc. It is a supply-oriented design
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Appendix 3.1: Salient Features of T
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Chapter 4 Profile of the Sample Vil
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Figure 4.3: Map of Gllndllr Village
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is used to supplement the canal wat
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It is interesting to note that leas
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Table 4.2: Caste-wise Distribution
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more land in the upper and middle r
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than 30 years experience (see Table
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Table 4.12: Distribution of Farmers
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cultivation in the upper and the mi
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Labor shortages are common at peak
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amount of RS.25 but during the year
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majority of the sample fanners are
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I. To introduce a schedule of water
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Rule Enforcement .:. The Associatio
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Chapter 5 Farmers' Knowledge and Pe
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transect walks which revealed that
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consumption which are known to be s
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should be noted that these lands ha
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their lands fully, while some suffe
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management strategies and type of c
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d · 15 degra at IOn . ill Hagedal,
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cropping and intensive irrigation o
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Farmers knowledge of the proposed c
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Reasons for violation In both the v
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mild waterlogging and were not cult
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1 0 increasing susceptibility of cr
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of a water intensive crop. The exce
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over irrigate their fields. There a
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depends on the provision of opportu
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The next most frequently used strat
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irrigation channels is the responsi
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the field than needed as insurance
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of the irrigation fields are kept i
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In a detailed analysis of the TBP,
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The most popular practice in Gundur
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grazing lands and the consequent re
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do poor quality work. There IS gove
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the task of organizational and admi
Page 155 and 156: have merged the information from bo
Page 157 and 158: Three brothers working on leased la
Page 159 and 160: everyone individually chooses to ta
Page 161 and 162: irrigation officials who exercised
Page 163 and 164: water] The local leadership is not
Page 165 and 166: Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the
Page 167 and 168: In afocus group discussion one of t
Page 169 and 170: I In Gundur, women are members in t
Page 171 and 172: I It can be noted from Table 7.4 th
Page 173 and 174: I land and other farmers do not mak
Page 175 and 176: • that cattle do not damage the i
Page 177 and 178: I the existing situations of their
Page 179 and 180: I riding" has become a rational cho
Page 181 and 182: I customary nonns. Intangible benef
Page 183 and 184: I tennite mounds on fields. They be
Page 185 and 186: I Leadership The quality of leaders
Page 187 and 188: • One o{the office bearers commen
Page 189 and 190: • the causes for waterlogging and
Page 191 and 192: • keeping water cess books and bi
Page 193 and 194: • through strict rule enforcement
Page 195 and 196: • to improve the quality of the W
Page 197 and 198: collective management drainage. The
Page 199 and 200: PIM initiative did not originate in
Page 201 and 202: sustainability could be expected th
Page 203 and 204: Chapter 8 Impact of Water Users' As
Page 205: I examines the efficacy of fanners
Page 209 and 210: lands in Gundur is more compared to
Page 211 and 212: Table 8.3: Estimated Production Fun
Page 213 and 214: decline by 2.5 percent in Gundur an
Page 215 and 216: In Gundur, farmers identified crop
Page 217 and 218: I Other key problems were the poor
Page 219 and 220: • Appendix 8.1: Water Availabilit
Page 221 and 222: • Chapter 9 Summary and Conclusio
Page 223 and 224: I In Hagedal, one of the sample vil
Page 225 and 226: I In irrigated fanning of the fanne
Page 227 and 228: I management practices evolved by W
Page 229 and 230: • comparable estimates, it would
Page 231 and 232: • PIM policy should not just stop
Page 233 and 234: References Abbasi~ S. A. 199} .. En
Page 235 and 236: Bre~e~·hJ· d S , Kolavalli. A. H.
Page 237 and 238: • Dhawan, B. D. 2002. Technologic
Page 239 and 240: Gmernment of India. Tenth Five- Yea
Page 241 and 242: Joshi. P. K. ,.1987. "Effect of Sur
Page 243 and 244: Maloney._ C and K. V. Raju. 1994. '
Page 245 and 246: Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of"Collec
Page 247 and 248: Reddy, t'vl. Venkata. 1996. "Tungab
Page 249 and 250: Sridharan. K. and S. Vedula. 1985.
Page 251 and 252: Wade, Robert. 1987 "Ma . '. . . . n
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