Water Users Association and Irrigation Management - Institute for ...

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ehabilitation work is incomplete Mo h h" , . . . . reover, t e emp aSls IS on transfer of responslblhty rather than authority to the user associations. Farmers in the upper reaches and tail end ofTPB are showing reluctance to form the WUA. We hypothesize the existen"e of' an " rt d U' I·' h' . ~ mve e re attons Ip between water scarcIty and returns to the organization that may restrict either the physical or the organizational procedures for the tormation of WUA that are being formed in the head and tail reach of the project (see Figure 7.2). Figure 7,2: Relationship between Water Scarcity and Returns to an Organization Returns 10 Organilation R" Water Scarcity Water supply is plentiful in the upper reaches of the project and there is little reason for farmers to organize a~ they have the necessary water. Government investment had served to create the impression that providing irrigation services is the responsibility of the government. There is a great deal of resistance to the adoption of a participatory approach due to the conviction that the existing system is better than the proposed system. In the tail reaches due to water scarcity farmers are caught up in their day-to-day struggles to make ends meet. Farmers perceive that the problem con/Tonting the community is too large and complex, and no solution is likely. Hence as water becomes very scarce, even perfectly coordinated actions and investments cannot solve the water shortages and thus the benefits /Tom organizing are lower. Therefore, benefits of the organization are high during situations of moderate water scarcity. 184
PIM initiative did not originate in the group of water users, but came from outside. PIM was an idea of the government and fanners were confronted with it. Serious efforts were not made to understand even the basic features of the local situation with regard to water management and distribution and social relations in the community. There is also a strong tendency by the CADA officials to hold discussions with large fanners and local leaders only. This ignores the ditlerential interests and perceptions within the group of fanners. The primary interest of the irrigation agency was the physical interventions that were part of the refonn process. Conclusion The detailed analyses presented above on various aspects of WUA fonnation and its impact on reducing the adverse effects of irrigation brings out interesting findings. A brief overview of which is presented here. In Gundur, the physical boundaries of the WUA are fixed. In the absence of technical means to distribute water, a proportionate water distribution principle based on customary practices and agreed allocation rules is practiced. The system facilitated farmers to meet crop-water requirements effectively. In HagedaI, in the absence of a WUA or any strict regulatory body, illegal irrigation practices are a common feature. This unauthorized and illegal behavior has contributed to inefficient water use leading to waterlogging ,and salinity. Resource mobilization for efficient management of water distribution system is good in Gundur village where WUA is active. Farmers are not hesitant to pay water charges on time since the quality of irrigation service is provided by the WUA. The WUA is financially viable due to a progressive revision in the water charges, high rates of recovery and mobilization of local labor to carry out the maintenance activities of infrastructure. The WUA has ensured a high degree of transparency and accountability in their relations with the members. This has helped members to repose confidence and trust in the WUA. Office bearers with strong managerial skills have achieved sound management of infrastructure and provided good irrigation service to the WUA members. In Hagcdal, reluctance to pay water charges is due to bad maintenance of infrastructure by the agency and also there is an 185
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Water Users Association and Irrigat
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Phone: 91 080-23215468/5592/5519 FA
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grant was of great help in undertak
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LIST OF TABLES Page. No. 1.1: Outla
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8.3: Estimated Production Functions
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Chapter 1 Introduction The natural
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partition, 8.8 million hectares of
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levels. This is more so with major
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"twin problems" (Details of general
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~~~,~~ Figure 1.1 gives the data fr
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much lower at 1.6 million hectares
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Table 1.3: Incidence of Waterloggin
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as they severely limit the choice o
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water managers sometimes succumbed
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(Carruthus 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; F
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While some of the root causes contr
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Irrigation tends to artificially in
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Appendix 1.2: Important committees,
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degradation is more in the command
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The study by Abassi (1991) on the e
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account of irrigation development a
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without providing adequate canal se
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, Sathyanarayana et al. (200 I) doc
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in the operation and maintenance of
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waterlogging. The study emphasizes
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... The studies reviewed so far, cl
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to ensure greater production from l
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mentioned the effective training of
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Transfer of management for the 12,0
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Ahmad (2000) claimed that water sca
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Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology a
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components of the same l . The envi
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Table 3.1: Total Number of Farmers
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Secondary data have been collected
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Lowdennilk 1981). Bardhan (1984) an
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attempting to achieve collective be
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External conditions: Physical and t
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etc. It is a supply-oriented design
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Appendix 3.1: Salient Features of T
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Chapter 4 Profile of the Sample Vil
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Figure 4.3: Map of Gllndllr Village
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is used to supplement the canal wat
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It is interesting to note that leas
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Table 4.2: Caste-wise Distribution
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more land in the upper and middle r
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than 30 years experience (see Table
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Table 4.12: Distribution of Farmers
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cultivation in the upper and the mi
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Labor shortages are common at peak
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amount of RS.25 but during the year
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majority of the sample fanners are
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I. To introduce a schedule of water
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Rule Enforcement .:. The Associatio
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Chapter 5 Farmers' Knowledge and Pe
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transect walks which revealed that
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consumption which are known to be s
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should be noted that these lands ha
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their lands fully, while some suffe
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management strategies and type of c
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d · 15 degra at IOn . ill Hagedal,
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cropping and intensive irrigation o
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Farmers knowledge of the proposed c
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Reasons for violation In both the v
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mild waterlogging and were not cult
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1 0 increasing susceptibility of cr
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of a water intensive crop. The exce
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over irrigate their fields. There a
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depends on the provision of opportu
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The next most frequently used strat
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irrigation channels is the responsi
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the field than needed as insurance
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of the irrigation fields are kept i
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In a detailed analysis of the TBP,
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Page 149 and 150: grazing lands and the consequent re
Page 151 and 152: do poor quality work. There IS gove
Page 153 and 154: the task of organizational and admi
Page 155 and 156: have merged the information from bo
Page 157 and 158: Three brothers working on leased la
Page 159 and 160: everyone individually chooses to ta
Page 161 and 162: irrigation officials who exercised
Page 163 and 164: water] The local leadership is not
Page 165 and 166: Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the
Page 167 and 168: In afocus group discussion one of t
Page 169 and 170: I In Gundur, women are members in t
Page 171 and 172: I It can be noted from Table 7.4 th
Page 173 and 174: I land and other farmers do not mak
Page 175 and 176: • that cattle do not damage the i
Page 177 and 178: I the existing situations of their
Page 179 and 180: I riding" has become a rational cho
Page 181 and 182: I customary nonns. Intangible benef
Page 183 and 184: I tennite mounds on fields. They be
Page 185 and 186: I Leadership The quality of leaders
Page 187 and 188: • One o{the office bearers commen
Page 189 and 190: • the causes for waterlogging and
Page 191 and 192: • keeping water cess books and bi
Page 193 and 194: • through strict rule enforcement
Page 195 and 196: • to improve the quality of the W
Page 197: collective management drainage. The
Page 201 and 202: sustainability could be expected th
Page 203 and 204: Chapter 8 Impact of Water Users' As
Page 205 and 206: I examines the efficacy of fanners
Page 207 and 208: I is 2744.15 kg whereas in Hagedal
Page 209 and 210: lands in Gundur is more compared to
Page 211 and 212: Table 8.3: Estimated Production Fun
Page 213 and 214: decline by 2.5 percent in Gundur an
Page 215 and 216: In Gundur, farmers identified crop
Page 217 and 218: I Other key problems were the poor
Page 219 and 220: • Appendix 8.1: Water Availabilit
Page 221 and 222: • Chapter 9 Summary and Conclusio
Page 223 and 224: I In Hagedal, one of the sample vil
Page 225 and 226: I In irrigated fanning of the fanne
Page 227 and 228: I management practices evolved by W
Page 229 and 230: • comparable estimates, it would
Page 231 and 232: • PIM policy should not just stop
Page 233 and 234: References Abbasi~ S. A. 199} .. En
Page 235 and 236: Bre~e~·hJ· d S , Kolavalli. A. H.
Page 237 and 238: • Dhawan, B. D. 2002. Technologic
Page 239 and 240: Gmernment of India. Tenth Five- Yea
Page 241 and 242: Joshi. P. K. ,.1987. "Effect of Sur
Page 243 and 244: Maloney._ C and K. V. Raju. 1994. '
Page 245 and 246: Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of"Collec
Page 247 and 248: Reddy, t'vl. Venkata. 1996. "Tungab
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Sridharan. K. and S. Vedula. 1985.
Page 251 and 252:
Wade, Robert. 1987 "Ma . '. . . . n
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