Water Users Association and Irrigation Management - Institute for ...

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I scaled to manage the required infrastructure (collective good), and designed to control free riders by carefully connecting delivery of the good with fulfillment of membership obligation and that can defeat individual rational choice and make local irrigation management possible. O&M of irrigation infrastructure seems to be one of the most important activities of the WUA. The infrastructure is compatible with the water services and local management capacities of the WUA although agency support is required for major rehabilitation works. In Hagedal, where the WUA is not present, the physical condition of the distributary and sub-distributary is bad and farmers often complain about it. They are also aware that lack of proper maintenance of infrastructure leads to waterlogging and salinity (see Table 5.7). Table 7.5: Farmers' Response Regarding Contribution for Maintenance of Infrastructure in Hagedal Farm Size Farmers response Small Medium Large Total (in percent) Willing 6 (27) 3 (IS) 6 (20) 22 Unwilling 16(73) 14 (S2) 24 (SO) 78 Note: FIgures In parentheSIS IndIcate the percentages to the total In the speCIfic category. Although farmers complained about the physical deterioration of the infrastructurc" the majority of the farmers (7S percent) are not willing to contribute either in terms of labor or money for its maintenance. This shows the increasing dependency of the farmers on government. The other reason being that the conveyance does not significantly affect water availability and only a few farmers are affected by the severe waterlogging and salinity, they do not see any immediate need for their contribution. However, they do not realize that due to inattentive and absent maintenance regimes, soil deterioration gradually increases and also costly rehabilitation may become necessary for which the government may not havc sufficient funds. Even though the farmers individually observe that the infrastructure is poor and requires improvement, they will not invest in corrective action on individual rational grounds. If one farmer invests time, energy, and money required to improve the canal going through his 160
I land and other farmers do not make any comparable corrective investments in a coordinated way then the payoff in improved water supply and maintenance is negligible. Howeycr. if many farmers undertake the improvement effort on each of their sections and some individually rational decision-maker does not do so, they will still enjoy a substantial share of the benelit provided by the work of others, at no personal cost. Therefore, the rational. calculating farmers will choose to do nothing either way. Hence, the collective good. i.e. the infrastructure. will be allowed to deteriorate as everyone individually chooses to take a free ride to their short-run advantage, but at the expense of allowing it to deteriorate in the longer run which will ultimately atlect the soils adversely. In the absence of a WUA. no collectiyc elfort is found. Irrigation Water Distribution Water is released on a continuous basis to distributary 3112, which serves the lands of both the sample villages. In Gundur. the WUA regulates water supply to farmers to meet their crop water requirements. while in Hagedal in the absence of a WUA. farmers take water from the outlet on a tum basis. Equitable distrihution of water is the most critical task of the WUA. In Gundur, the WUA has adopted specitic norms and procedures to ensure timely and assured supply of water to grow paddy. They have a map of all inigable lands and its houndaries. Information is given to farmers about the availability of water. However, an upward to downward process of distribution of water is practised on a time based turn-by-turn system. Turns are not associated with specitic days and time and only the sequence in which water is taken is observed. The hasic allocation principle is that each piece of land is entitled to a quantity of canal water proportionate to its size. The movement of water from one field to another is regulated through properly constructed spillways6. In case they are found vulnerable, stone pitching is also done at the discharge end of the spillways to prevent breaching. "Neerganty" appointed by the WUA regulate and monitor water supplies and stop seepage of water if any. They patrol the canals regularly. Their duties are monitored by the WUA. Failure to ensure proper allocation of water may even cost them their jobs. They also see 6 Spillways help in the safe disposal of excess water that cannot be economically utilized in the field. so that the sa fety of the field is ensured. 161
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Water Users Association and Irrigat
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Phone: 91 080-23215468/5592/5519 FA
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grant was of great help in undertak
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LIST OF TABLES Page. No. 1.1: Outla
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8.3: Estimated Production Functions
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Chapter 1 Introduction The natural
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partition, 8.8 million hectares of
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levels. This is more so with major
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"twin problems" (Details of general
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~~~,~~ Figure 1.1 gives the data fr
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much lower at 1.6 million hectares
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Table 1.3: Incidence of Waterloggin
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as they severely limit the choice o
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water managers sometimes succumbed
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(Carruthus 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; F
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While some of the root causes contr
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Irrigation tends to artificially in
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Appendix 1.2: Important committees,
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degradation is more in the command
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The study by Abassi (1991) on the e
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account of irrigation development a
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without providing adequate canal se
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, Sathyanarayana et al. (200 I) doc
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in the operation and maintenance of
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waterlogging. The study emphasizes
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... The studies reviewed so far, cl
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to ensure greater production from l
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mentioned the effective training of
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Transfer of management for the 12,0
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Ahmad (2000) claimed that water sca
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Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology a
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components of the same l . The envi
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Table 3.1: Total Number of Farmers
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Secondary data have been collected
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Lowdennilk 1981). Bardhan (1984) an
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attempting to achieve collective be
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External conditions: Physical and t
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etc. It is a supply-oriented design
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Appendix 3.1: Salient Features of T
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Chapter 4 Profile of the Sample Vil
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Figure 4.3: Map of Gllndllr Village
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is used to supplement the canal wat
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It is interesting to note that leas
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Table 4.2: Caste-wise Distribution
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more land in the upper and middle r
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than 30 years experience (see Table
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Table 4.12: Distribution of Farmers
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cultivation in the upper and the mi
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Labor shortages are common at peak
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amount of RS.25 but during the year
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majority of the sample fanners are
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I. To introduce a schedule of water
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Rule Enforcement .:. The Associatio
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Chapter 5 Farmers' Knowledge and Pe
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transect walks which revealed that
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consumption which are known to be s
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should be noted that these lands ha
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their lands fully, while some suffe
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management strategies and type of c
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d · 15 degra at IOn . ill Hagedal,
Page 121 and 122: cropping and intensive irrigation o
Page 123 and 124: Farmers knowledge of the proposed c
Page 125 and 126: Reasons for violation In both the v
Page 127 and 128: mild waterlogging and were not cult
Page 129 and 130: 1 0 increasing susceptibility of cr
Page 131 and 132: of a water intensive crop. The exce
Page 133 and 134: over irrigate their fields. There a
Page 135 and 136: depends on the provision of opportu
Page 137 and 138: The next most frequently used strat
Page 139 and 140: irrigation channels is the responsi
Page 141 and 142: the field than needed as insurance
Page 143 and 144: of the irrigation fields are kept i
Page 145 and 146: In a detailed analysis of the TBP,
Page 147 and 148: The most popular practice in Gundur
Page 149 and 150: grazing lands and the consequent re
Page 151 and 152: do poor quality work. There IS gove
Page 153 and 154: the task of organizational and admi
Page 155 and 156: have merged the information from bo
Page 157 and 158: Three brothers working on leased la
Page 159 and 160: everyone individually chooses to ta
Page 161 and 162: irrigation officials who exercised
Page 163 and 164: water] The local leadership is not
Page 165 and 166: Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the
Page 167 and 168: In afocus group discussion one of t
Page 169 and 170: I In Gundur, women are members in t
Page 171: I It can be noted from Table 7.4 th
Page 175 and 176: • that cattle do not damage the i
Page 177 and 178: I the existing situations of their
Page 179 and 180: I riding" has become a rational cho
Page 181 and 182: I customary nonns. Intangible benef
Page 183 and 184: I tennite mounds on fields. They be
Page 185 and 186: I Leadership The quality of leaders
Page 187 and 188: • One o{the office bearers commen
Page 189 and 190: • the causes for waterlogging and
Page 191 and 192: • keeping water cess books and bi
Page 193 and 194: • through strict rule enforcement
Page 195 and 196: • to improve the quality of the W
Page 197 and 198: collective management drainage. The
Page 199 and 200: PIM initiative did not originate in
Page 201 and 202: sustainability could be expected th
Page 203 and 204: Chapter 8 Impact of Water Users' As
Page 205 and 206: I examines the efficacy of fanners
Page 207 and 208: I is 2744.15 kg whereas in Hagedal
Page 209 and 210: lands in Gundur is more compared to
Page 211 and 212: Table 8.3: Estimated Production Fun
Page 213 and 214: decline by 2.5 percent in Gundur an
Page 215 and 216: In Gundur, farmers identified crop
Page 217 and 218: I Other key problems were the poor
Page 219 and 220: • Appendix 8.1: Water Availabilit
Page 221 and 222: • Chapter 9 Summary and Conclusio
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I In Hagedal, one of the sample vil
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I In irrigated fanning of the fanne
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I management practices evolved by W
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• comparable estimates, it would
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• PIM policy should not just stop
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References Abbasi~ S. A. 199} .. En
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Bre~e~·hJ· d S , Kolavalli. A. H.
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• Dhawan, B. D. 2002. Technologic
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Gmernment of India. Tenth Five- Yea
Page 241 and 242:
Joshi. P. K. ,.1987. "Effect of Sur
Page 243 and 244:
Maloney._ C and K. V. Raju. 1994. '
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Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of"Collec
Page 247 and 248:
Reddy, t'vl. Venkata. 1996. "Tungab
Page 249 and 250:
Sridharan. K. and S. Vedula. 1985.
Page 251 and 252:
Wade, Robert. 1987 "Ma . '. . . . n
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