Water Users Association and Irrigation Management - Institute for ...

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• water at the user level has invariably led to environmental problems affecting welfare of the farmers in general. • Resource mobilisation for efficient management of water distribution system is good in the village where WUA is active. For instance, in Gundur farmers are not hesitant to pay water charges on time since quality of irrigation service is provided by the WUA. WUA is financially viable due to progressive revision in water charges, high rates of recovery and mobilization of local labour to carry out maintenance activities of infrastructure. WUA has ensured a high degree of transparency and accountability in their relations with the members. This has helped members to repose confidence and trust in WUA. Office bearers with strong managerial skills have achieved sound management of infrastructure and provided good irrigation service to WUA members. In Hagedal reluctance to pay water charges is due to bad maintenance of infrastructure by the agency and also there is an incentive for farmers to under report the total area irrigated, since local officials maintain the records and supervision is lacking to ensure their accuracy. Illegal diversion of water or taking water out of tum is a major reason for contlict in Hagedal. I • Paddy is the preferred crop in both the villages. The major reason for violation of cropping pattern in' Hagedal is found to be availability of more water, followed by assured returns from paddy. In Gundur the major reason for violation was due to the decision taken by the WUA to grow only paddy. The reason is assured returns, as in the case of other village, and the farmers believe that black soil is suited for paddy crop. • Farmers respond to market signals and not necessarily follow the suggested localisation pattern for want of economic incentives. Unfortunately, the command authority is unable to enforce strict cropping patterns, since farmers were given freedom, or even encouraged to grow paddy in the early years of project construction. Farmers are willing to diversify cropping pattern, if marketing facilities and support prices are ensured. As revealed by the empirical analysis, irrigation is acting as a yield retarding variable in • the lands affected by waterlogging and salinity in Hagedal, whereas in the affected lands of Gundur it is positive but insignificant. This is mainly due to better water 212
I management practices evolved by WI iA. FcrtllIser IS thc major tactor that ,han!!~"S yield in Gundur in hoth. the good lands and the land, afkck-d by salinity and waterlogging. In Hagedal, fertilIser IS sigmticant only In good lands. FYM IS tound to be highly signiticant in both the good and thc atkc\ed lands of Hagt..-dal. It was found trom decomposition analysis that the impact of land quality on Yield rt..-ductlOn. k~-epin8 inputs constant is relatively high in Gundur compared to Hagedal. Howevcr. due to prudent usage of inputs like fertiliser. Irrigation etc.. the o\erall declinc 10 yteld has been much less in Gundur compared to Hagedal. So limners In Gundur. where WUA is present. manage their production efliciently due to hcllcr water management as compared to farmers in Hagedal, where WLJA IS not pn:scnt. • The results of the study also indicate that in Gundur. Insplte of efticlcnt water distribution and maintenance of infrastructure. the prohlem of waterlogging and salimty still persists, though not on a wider scale. The total control of the prohlems remams a.' a difficult task for WLJA because of financial investments nceded, adequate equipment. and technical skills to operate and manage the productIOn system. This shows that institutions are necessary but not sutlicient to offer towl solutions to the prohlems of resource deh'Tadation. I. CADA or ah'licultural department was not effective enough 111 impartmg knowledge to farmers about hetter water and soil management practices. (jm'CnuTIent programn1cs executed both at the system level and fann level to prevent and n:c1alln the aflCcted soils seemed to be not adequate. On farm development. including dramage IS slow and • CADA has not been successful in preventing unauthonsed cultivatl()n or \iolation of cropping pattern. • In Gundur the most important factor contributing to the sustainability of the WU A IS fair water distribution practices. control free riders. maintenance of infrastructure and conflict resolution. The WLJA has provided an enabling em'ironment for farmer participation and investment and hence the fanners displayed a higher propensity to support such a WUA. This has developed a sense of ownership among farmers and extended support for better and efficient functioning of WUA. Change in the mmdset
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Water Users Association and Irrigat
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Phone: 91 080-23215468/5592/5519 FA
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grant was of great help in undertak
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LIST OF TABLES Page. No. 1.1: Outla
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8.3: Estimated Production Functions
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Chapter 1 Introduction The natural
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partition, 8.8 million hectares of
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levels. This is more so with major
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"twin problems" (Details of general
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~~~,~~ Figure 1.1 gives the data fr
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much lower at 1.6 million hectares
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Table 1.3: Incidence of Waterloggin
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as they severely limit the choice o
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water managers sometimes succumbed
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(Carruthus 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; F
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While some of the root causes contr
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Irrigation tends to artificially in
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Appendix 1.2: Important committees,
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degradation is more in the command
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The study by Abassi (1991) on the e
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account of irrigation development a
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without providing adequate canal se
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, Sathyanarayana et al. (200 I) doc
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in the operation and maintenance of
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waterlogging. The study emphasizes
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... The studies reviewed so far, cl
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to ensure greater production from l
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mentioned the effective training of
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Transfer of management for the 12,0
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Ahmad (2000) claimed that water sca
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Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology a
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components of the same l . The envi
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Table 3.1: Total Number of Farmers
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Secondary data have been collected
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Lowdennilk 1981). Bardhan (1984) an
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attempting to achieve collective be
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External conditions: Physical and t
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etc. It is a supply-oriented design
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Appendix 3.1: Salient Features of T
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Chapter 4 Profile of the Sample Vil
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Figure 4.3: Map of Gllndllr Village
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is used to supplement the canal wat
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It is interesting to note that leas
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Table 4.2: Caste-wise Distribution
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more land in the upper and middle r
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than 30 years experience (see Table
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Table 4.12: Distribution of Farmers
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cultivation in the upper and the mi
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Labor shortages are common at peak
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amount of RS.25 but during the year
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majority of the sample fanners are
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I. To introduce a schedule of water
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Rule Enforcement .:. The Associatio
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Chapter 5 Farmers' Knowledge and Pe
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transect walks which revealed that
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consumption which are known to be s
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should be noted that these lands ha
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their lands fully, while some suffe
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management strategies and type of c
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d · 15 degra at IOn . ill Hagedal,
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cropping and intensive irrigation o
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Farmers knowledge of the proposed c
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Reasons for violation In both the v
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mild waterlogging and were not cult
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1 0 increasing susceptibility of cr
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of a water intensive crop. The exce
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over irrigate their fields. There a
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depends on the provision of opportu
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The next most frequently used strat
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irrigation channels is the responsi
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the field than needed as insurance
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of the irrigation fields are kept i
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In a detailed analysis of the TBP,
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The most popular practice in Gundur
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grazing lands and the consequent re
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do poor quality work. There IS gove
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the task of organizational and admi
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have merged the information from bo
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Three brothers working on leased la
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everyone individually chooses to ta
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irrigation officials who exercised
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water] The local leadership is not
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Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the
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In afocus group discussion one of t
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I In Gundur, women are members in t
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I It can be noted from Table 7.4 th
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I land and other farmers do not mak
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Page 177 and 178: I the existing situations of their
Page 179 and 180: I riding" has become a rational cho
Page 181 and 182: I customary nonns. Intangible benef
Page 183 and 184: I tennite mounds on fields. They be
Page 185 and 186: I Leadership The quality of leaders
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Page 189 and 190: • the causes for waterlogging and
Page 191 and 192: • keeping water cess books and bi
Page 193 and 194: • through strict rule enforcement
Page 195 and 196: • to improve the quality of the W
Page 197 and 198: collective management drainage. The
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Page 201 and 202: sustainability could be expected th
Page 203 and 204: Chapter 8 Impact of Water Users' As
Page 205 and 206: I examines the efficacy of fanners
Page 207 and 208: I is 2744.15 kg whereas in Hagedal
Page 209 and 210: lands in Gundur is more compared to
Page 211 and 212: Table 8.3: Estimated Production Fun
Page 213 and 214: decline by 2.5 percent in Gundur an
Page 215 and 216: In Gundur, farmers identified crop
Page 217 and 218: I Other key problems were the poor
Page 219 and 220: • Appendix 8.1: Water Availabilit
Page 221 and 222: • Chapter 9 Summary and Conclusio
Page 223 and 224: I In Hagedal, one of the sample vil
Page 225: I In irrigated fanning of the fanne
Page 229 and 230: • comparable estimates, it would
Page 231 and 232: • PIM policy should not just stop
Page 233 and 234: References Abbasi~ S. A. 199} .. En
Page 235 and 236: Bre~e~·hJ· d S , Kolavalli. A. H.
Page 237 and 238: • Dhawan, B. D. 2002. Technologic
Page 239 and 240: Gmernment of India. Tenth Five- Yea
Page 241 and 242: Joshi. P. K. ,.1987. "Effect of Sur
Page 243 and 244: Maloney._ C and K. V. Raju. 1994. '
Page 245 and 246: Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of"Collec
Page 247 and 248: Reddy, t'vl. Venkata. 1996. "Tungab
Page 249 and 250: Sridharan. K. and S. Vedula. 1985.
Page 251 and 252: Wade, Robert. 1987 "Ma . '. . . . n
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