Water Users Association and Irrigation Management - Institute for ...

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As seen from the survey data presented in Table-8.S in the lands aftected by moderate salinity the cost of cultivation is the same as that of normal lands whereas the net revenue was less. However, the cost of cultivation was found to be maximum in lands affected by moderate waterlogging in both the villages because farmers showed more concern for controlling waterlogging. Even then the yield levels are not found very satisfactory. Although the average margms obtained iTom these lands is less the farmers have no choice but to cultivate and to maintain their motivation to earn a livelihood. Also in moderately atlected areas. if the lands show a slight deterioration, the chances are high that farmers would stop investing on such lands. Thus. it becomes necessary to motivate farmers for improved practices on such lands to stop further deterioration of the lands. In severe salinity and waterlogged lands. the net income is less indicating that these areas are becoming economically less viable to cultIvate. Moreover, farmers opined that it is very diflicult to neutralize the adverse effects by mere investing in inputs. In such areas agency intervention is necessary to reclaim the at1ected lands. They also complained that in the past two years, the marginal income from waterlogged and saline areas has come down substantially. Constraints on crop production Given the chalknges of monocropping and irrigated agriculture it was appropriate to assess the various production constraInts that the farmers faced. Table-8.6 below presents the way in whIch famler' s rank constramts on production in both Gundur and Hagedal. Table 8.6: How Farmers Prioritize Constraints on Production - --- -- -- Constraints Gundur Hagedal Most serious constraint Crop pest Price fluctuation 2 nd most serious constrai~t Lack of knowledge Deteriorating infrastructure ,rd ---:- 3 most serious constramt -Salinity and -waterlogging Salinity and waterlogging Other problems Shortage of land and land Poor health oflivestock, fragmentation, pnce tluctuation shortage of labour debts Source: Own survey_ 200
In Gundur, farmers identified crop pest as the most serious constraint on crop productions. Some farmers expressed the fear of running into debt in the event of poor harvest due to pest attacks. They complained that, pesticides perform impressively in the short run, but prove unsustainable on a long-term basis. Further, new pests keep appearing on the plants and the pesticides are not very effective in destroying them. Agriculture extension has not been able to offer adequate guidance to farmers to handle the pest menace. When advice is sought from private agro-centers, different pesticides are supplied every time. Disappointing results occur due to a decline in the quality of pesticides, as the private companies do not strictly maintain the standards, as the objective is only one of profit making. Farmers feel that they are misled into using more pesticides through their advertising and promotion. So they tend to spray in anticipation of occurrence and the profuse usage of pesticides has only led to the pest developing greater resistance. In order to reduce yield losses due to pests and diseases, farmers opt for calendar-based chemical sprays rather than need based applications which has lead to extensive use of pesticides that causes chemical residues which disturb the natural flora and fauna. The concept of integrated pest management 9 is not readily available to farmers due to the fact that the extension workers have not introduced this concept. However, government is contemplating an amendment to the Pesticide Act, under which it will be compulsory for all dealers of pesticides to have a qualified dispenser who can advise the farmer on the right choice and method of usage. In Hagedal, farmers see price fluctuation as the most serious constraint on production. They face price tluctuation in paddy within the season. The price of pesticides tend to rise at the peak season of cultivation, hence farmers have to pay more for purchasing these inputs, which ultimately enhances the cost of production. In spite of price tluctuation and a rise in the price of pesticides, farmers refuse to undertake crop diversification. , It was reported in 'Deccan Herald' that paddy has been affected by a new pest in Koppal, Gangavathi and Raichur districts and if immediate action is not taken, there IS every chance that the Yield may come do;m anywhere between 10 and 90 %. (DH, Oct 2 2002). The highest losses due to pests are expenenced by nce growers in Asia (Yudelman. Ratta and Nygaard 1998) 9 Integrated pest management program uses comprehensive infonnation on the life cycles of pests and their interactIon . , 'th th 'nment I'n combination With avatlable pest control methods to manage pest damage WI e enVITO . b the most economical means and with the least possible hazard to people. property and the enVIronment. cine of the major constraints in adopting this technique is due to its knowledge mtenslty. 201
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Water Users Association and Irrigat
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Phone: 91 080-23215468/5592/5519 FA
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grant was of great help in undertak
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LIST OF TABLES Page. No. 1.1: Outla
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8.3: Estimated Production Functions
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Chapter 1 Introduction The natural
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partition, 8.8 million hectares of
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levels. This is more so with major
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"twin problems" (Details of general
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~~~,~~ Figure 1.1 gives the data fr
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much lower at 1.6 million hectares
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Table 1.3: Incidence of Waterloggin
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as they severely limit the choice o
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water managers sometimes succumbed
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(Carruthus 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; F
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While some of the root causes contr
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Irrigation tends to artificially in
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Appendix 1.2: Important committees,
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degradation is more in the command
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The study by Abassi (1991) on the e
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account of irrigation development a
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without providing adequate canal se
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, Sathyanarayana et al. (200 I) doc
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in the operation and maintenance of
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waterlogging. The study emphasizes
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... The studies reviewed so far, cl
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to ensure greater production from l
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mentioned the effective training of
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Transfer of management for the 12,0
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Ahmad (2000) claimed that water sca
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Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology a
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components of the same l . The envi
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Table 3.1: Total Number of Farmers
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Secondary data have been collected
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Lowdennilk 1981). Bardhan (1984) an
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attempting to achieve collective be
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External conditions: Physical and t
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etc. It is a supply-oriented design
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Appendix 3.1: Salient Features of T
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Chapter 4 Profile of the Sample Vil
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Figure 4.3: Map of Gllndllr Village
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is used to supplement the canal wat
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It is interesting to note that leas
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Table 4.2: Caste-wise Distribution
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more land in the upper and middle r
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than 30 years experience (see Table
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Table 4.12: Distribution of Farmers
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cultivation in the upper and the mi
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Labor shortages are common at peak
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amount of RS.25 but during the year
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majority of the sample fanners are
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I. To introduce a schedule of water
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Rule Enforcement .:. The Associatio
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Chapter 5 Farmers' Knowledge and Pe
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transect walks which revealed that
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consumption which are known to be s
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should be noted that these lands ha
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their lands fully, while some suffe
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management strategies and type of c
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d · 15 degra at IOn . ill Hagedal,
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cropping and intensive irrigation o
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Farmers knowledge of the proposed c
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Reasons for violation In both the v
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mild waterlogging and were not cult
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1 0 increasing susceptibility of cr
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of a water intensive crop. The exce
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over irrigate their fields. There a
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depends on the provision of opportu
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The next most frequently used strat
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irrigation channels is the responsi
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the field than needed as insurance
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of the irrigation fields are kept i
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In a detailed analysis of the TBP,
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The most popular practice in Gundur
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grazing lands and the consequent re
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do poor quality work. There IS gove
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the task of organizational and admi
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have merged the information from bo
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Three brothers working on leased la
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everyone individually chooses to ta
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irrigation officials who exercised
Page 163 and 164: water] The local leadership is not
Page 165 and 166: Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the
Page 167 and 168: In afocus group discussion one of t
Page 169 and 170: I In Gundur, women are members in t
Page 171 and 172: I It can be noted from Table 7.4 th
Page 173 and 174: I land and other farmers do not mak
Page 175 and 176: • that cattle do not damage the i
Page 177 and 178: I the existing situations of their
Page 179 and 180: I riding" has become a rational cho
Page 181 and 182: I customary nonns. Intangible benef
Page 183 and 184: I tennite mounds on fields. They be
Page 185 and 186: I Leadership The quality of leaders
Page 187 and 188: • One o{the office bearers commen
Page 189 and 190: • the causes for waterlogging and
Page 191 and 192: • keeping water cess books and bi
Page 193 and 194: • through strict rule enforcement
Page 195 and 196: • to improve the quality of the W
Page 197 and 198: collective management drainage. The
Page 199 and 200: PIM initiative did not originate in
Page 201 and 202: sustainability could be expected th
Page 203 and 204: Chapter 8 Impact of Water Users' As
Page 205 and 206: I examines the efficacy of fanners
Page 207 and 208: I is 2744.15 kg whereas in Hagedal
Page 209 and 210: lands in Gundur is more compared to
Page 211 and 212: Table 8.3: Estimated Production Fun
Page 213: decline by 2.5 percent in Gundur an
Page 217 and 218: I Other key problems were the poor
Page 219 and 220: • Appendix 8.1: Water Availabilit
Page 221 and 222: • Chapter 9 Summary and Conclusio
Page 223 and 224: I In Hagedal, one of the sample vil
Page 225 and 226: I In irrigated fanning of the fanne
Page 227 and 228: I management practices evolved by W
Page 229 and 230: • comparable estimates, it would
Page 231 and 232: • PIM policy should not just stop
Page 233 and 234: References Abbasi~ S. A. 199} .. En
Page 235 and 236: Bre~e~·hJ· d S , Kolavalli. A. H.
Page 237 and 238: • Dhawan, B. D. 2002. Technologic
Page 239 and 240: Gmernment of India. Tenth Five- Yea
Page 241 and 242: Joshi. P. K. ,.1987. "Effect of Sur
Page 243 and 244: Maloney._ C and K. V. Raju. 1994. '
Page 245 and 246: Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of"Collec
Page 247 and 248: Reddy, t'vl. Venkata. 1996. "Tungab
Page 249 and 250: Sridharan. K. and S. Vedula. 1985.
Page 251 and 252: Wade, Robert. 1987 "Ma . '. . . . n
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