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incentive for fanners to under report the total area irrigated, since local officials maintain the records and supervision to ensure their accuracy is lacking. Illegal diversion of water or taking water out of turn is a major reason for conflict in Hagedal. In Gundur. the concept of green manuring was first given by WUA to alleviate salinity and waterlogging. WUA informs the irrigators about the type of green manuring to be done depending on the salinity conditions of the soil. Sheep penning and provision of sand in waterlogged area is another important activity taken up by the WUA. In Hagedal, farmers sought advice from fellow and neighboring farmers regarding the various strategies to be adopted to mitigate the soil related problems. The role of the agency in imparting knowledge of proper farming methods or the hazards of over irrigation and the strategies one has to adopt to mitigate salinity and waterlogging conditions are found to be minimal. Hence. fanners' efforts to restore soil fertility are found to be less adequate. In Gundur. the most important factor contributing to the sustainability of the WUA is fair water distribution practices. control of free riders, maintenance of infrastructure and conflict resolution. The WUA has provided an enabling environment for farmer participation and investment and hence the farmers displayed a higher propensity to support such a WUA. The WUA has also provided an environment in which self-interested individuals can co-operate to mutual benefit where the farmers see themselves as managers and the government agencies as service providers. Further, a sense of personal responsibility by the farmers seemed to underlie the successful management of their irrigation systems. In HagedaL quite a significant section of the fanners did not feel the necessity for such a WUA. Several socio-economic constraints have contributed to the preference of not forming a WUA. Farmers do not have a clear concept of the WUA. its advantages, roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders. That is the reason why farmers are not in favor of WUA, which has resulted in perpetuation of indiscipline in water use and a consequent increase in environmental problems. This clearly indicates that the PRA exercise carried out by CADA in imparting knowledge to the farmers regarding the potential benefits of fonning a WUA is very poor. Significant improvements In 186
sustainability could be expected through better PRA exercise, functional decentralization, adherence to the principles of transparency, effective intervention from the government where the agency need to play not only an executive but also an advisory role. When the case of an existent WUA, which takes over water distribution, is contrasted with a scenario of no WUA, where the control continues to lie outside the farmers i.e. with the agency. both technically and institutionally interesting perceptions come forth. First, when the water users take over the management, timeliness and efficiency in the utilization of water is ensured, as seen in Gundur. Secondly. such responsibilities are exercised in the collective interest of the community, which has eventually led to a better environment and protection of soils. In Hagedal, irrational action on the part of each irrigator due to nonexcludability and rivalry brought about ineHicient use of irrigation water and the depreciation of the common physical structures due to lack of maintenance, an outcome that leaves everybody worse off, than if they are contributors to full maintenance. Hence, the problems of waterlogging and salinity persist which is a by-product of inefficient use of irrigation water and infrastructure. The results of the study also indicate that in Gundur, in spite of eHicient water distribution and maintenance of infrastructure, the problem of waterlogging and salinity still persists, though not on a wider scale. The total control of the problems remains a ditlicult task, for the WUA with the investments needed, both financially for adequate equipment, and in skills for mechanical, chemical and biological maintenance activities. This shows that institutions are a necessary conditions but not a sufficient condition to ofter solutions to the problems of resource degradation. The nature of the problem makes government intervention necessary and calls for developing strong programs on creating awareness to farmers regarding various technical and management strategies they need to adopt to mitigate the adverse effects. Given the farmers preference for water intensive crops, conscious effort is required to wean farmers away from growing crops with high water requirements in areas prone to salinity and waterlogging hy demonstrating the viability of a low water consumption-cropping pattern. lR7
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Water Users Association and Irrigat
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Phone: 91 080-23215468/5592/5519 FA
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grant was of great help in undertak
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LIST OF TABLES Page. No. 1.1: Outla
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8.3: Estimated Production Functions
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Chapter 1 Introduction The natural
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partition, 8.8 million hectares of
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levels. This is more so with major
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"twin problems" (Details of general
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~~~,~~ Figure 1.1 gives the data fr
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much lower at 1.6 million hectares
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Table 1.3: Incidence of Waterloggin
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as they severely limit the choice o
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water managers sometimes succumbed
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(Carruthus 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; F
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While some of the root causes contr
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Irrigation tends to artificially in
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Appendix 1.2: Important committees,
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degradation is more in the command
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The study by Abassi (1991) on the e
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account of irrigation development a
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without providing adequate canal se
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, Sathyanarayana et al. (200 I) doc
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in the operation and maintenance of
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waterlogging. The study emphasizes
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... The studies reviewed so far, cl
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to ensure greater production from l
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mentioned the effective training of
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Transfer of management for the 12,0
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Ahmad (2000) claimed that water sca
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Chapter 3 Objectives, Methodology a
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components of the same l . The envi
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Table 3.1: Total Number of Farmers
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Secondary data have been collected
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Lowdennilk 1981). Bardhan (1984) an
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attempting to achieve collective be
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External conditions: Physical and t
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etc. It is a supply-oriented design
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Appendix 3.1: Salient Features of T
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Chapter 4 Profile of the Sample Vil
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Figure 4.3: Map of Gllndllr Village
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is used to supplement the canal wat
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It is interesting to note that leas
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Table 4.2: Caste-wise Distribution
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more land in the upper and middle r
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than 30 years experience (see Table
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Table 4.12: Distribution of Farmers
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cultivation in the upper and the mi
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Labor shortages are common at peak
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amount of RS.25 but during the year
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majority of the sample fanners are
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I. To introduce a schedule of water
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Rule Enforcement .:. The Associatio
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Chapter 5 Farmers' Knowledge and Pe
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transect walks which revealed that
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consumption which are known to be s
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should be noted that these lands ha
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their lands fully, while some suffe
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management strategies and type of c
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d · 15 degra at IOn . ill Hagedal,
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cropping and intensive irrigation o
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Farmers knowledge of the proposed c
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Reasons for violation In both the v
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mild waterlogging and were not cult
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1 0 increasing susceptibility of cr
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of a water intensive crop. The exce
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over irrigate their fields. There a
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depends on the provision of opportu
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The next most frequently used strat
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irrigation channels is the responsi
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the field than needed as insurance
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of the irrigation fields are kept i
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In a detailed analysis of the TBP,
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The most popular practice in Gundur
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Page 151 and 152: do poor quality work. There IS gove
Page 153 and 154: the task of organizational and admi
Page 155 and 156: have merged the information from bo
Page 157 and 158: Three brothers working on leased la
Page 159 and 160: everyone individually chooses to ta
Page 161 and 162: irrigation officials who exercised
Page 163 and 164: water] The local leadership is not
Page 165 and 166: Rs. 50 per acre during Rabi to the
Page 167 and 168: In afocus group discussion one of t
Page 169 and 170: I In Gundur, women are members in t
Page 171 and 172: I It can be noted from Table 7.4 th
Page 173 and 174: I land and other farmers do not mak
Page 175 and 176: • that cattle do not damage the i
Page 177 and 178: I the existing situations of their
Page 179 and 180: I riding" has become a rational cho
Page 181 and 182: I customary nonns. Intangible benef
Page 183 and 184: I tennite mounds on fields. They be
Page 185 and 186: I Leadership The quality of leaders
Page 187 and 188: • One o{the office bearers commen
Page 189 and 190: • the causes for waterlogging and
Page 191 and 192: • keeping water cess books and bi
Page 193 and 194: • through strict rule enforcement
Page 195 and 196: • to improve the quality of the W
Page 197 and 198: collective management drainage. The
Page 199: PIM initiative did not originate in
Page 203 and 204: Chapter 8 Impact of Water Users' As
Page 205 and 206: I examines the efficacy of fanners
Page 207 and 208: I is 2744.15 kg whereas in Hagedal
Page 209 and 210: lands in Gundur is more compared to
Page 211 and 212: Table 8.3: Estimated Production Fun
Page 213 and 214: decline by 2.5 percent in Gundur an
Page 215 and 216: In Gundur, farmers identified crop
Page 217 and 218: I Other key problems were the poor
Page 219 and 220: • Appendix 8.1: Water Availabilit
Page 221 and 222: • Chapter 9 Summary and Conclusio
Page 223 and 224: I In Hagedal, one of the sample vil
Page 225 and 226: I In irrigated fanning of the fanne
Page 227 and 228: I management practices evolved by W
Page 229 and 230: • comparable estimates, it would
Page 231 and 232: • PIM policy should not just stop
Page 233 and 234: References Abbasi~ S. A. 199} .. En
Page 235 and 236: Bre~e~·hJ· d S , Kolavalli. A. H.
Page 237 and 238: • Dhawan, B. D. 2002. Technologic
Page 239 and 240: Gmernment of India. Tenth Five- Yea
Page 241 and 242: Joshi. P. K. ,.1987. "Effect of Sur
Page 243 and 244: Maloney._ C and K. V. Raju. 1994. '
Page 245 and 246: Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of"Collec
Page 247 and 248: Reddy, t'vl. Venkata. 1996. "Tungab
Page 249 and 250: Sridharan. K. and S. Vedula. 1985.
Page 251 and 252:
Wade, Robert. 1987 "Ma . '. . . . n
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