Figure 2.1: General Substrates Categories. N P(O)Ph 2 N P(O)Ph 2 N P(O)Ph 2 1 2 R 3 Figure 2.2: General Catalysts Categories. H 3 C H PR 2 Fe PR 2 O t-Bu OMe josiphos type [Rh(nbd) 2 ]BF 4 (R)-(S)-R 2 PF-PR 2 R = cycohexyl, t Bu 2 Catalyst 1 O N N Co O O Catalyst 2 O O O O P P t-Bu CuCl t-Bu 2 t-Bu OMe 2 (R)-(-)-DTBM-SEGPHOS Ph Ph N Ir N H 2 Catalyst 4 Cl Ph Ph N Rh N H 2 Catalyst 5 Cl NC Catalyst 3 R O N O Cl Re N Cl O OPPh 3 R R= 4- t Bu-ph Ph Ph O Catalyst 6 Ph N N H H ZnEt 2 Catalyst 7 Ph O PPh 2 O PPh 2 O Pd(CF 3 CO 2 ) 2 L-5 (S)-SEGPHOS Catalyst 8 S S n NH HN n=2 ZnEt 2 Catalyst 9 S n S 2.2.2. Different Substrates Categories. Phenyl alkyl N-phosphinoyl imines (Structure 1, 2, 3, figure 2.1) have been extensively investigated over <strong>the</strong> last few years. We will focus our investigation on <strong>the</strong> results <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> last 36
8 years beginning from <strong>the</strong> year 2000.Blaser tested Rh-ferrocenyl-catalyst which he used 1.0 mol % <strong>of</strong> this catalyst (catalyst 1, figure 2.2), 70 bar (1015 psi) <strong>of</strong> H 2 , CH 3 OH at 60 °C over 21 h, <strong>the</strong> ee was 99% with full conversion (structure 1, figure 2.1). [8] He tested also his system <strong>for</strong> different substituted phenyl alkyl N-phosphinoyl imines. p-OMe phenyl (62% ee), p-CH 3 phenyl (97% ee), p-CF 3 phenyl (93% ee) were successfully reduced. For p-Cl phenyl derivative, <strong>the</strong> ee was only 28 % and improved to 67% with ano<strong>the</strong>r chiral ligand (structure 3, figure 2.1). Yamada developed <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> 1.0 mol % <strong>of</strong> cobalt based catalyst (catalyst 2, figure 2.2), 1.5 equiv NaBH 4 in CH 3 Cl, 0 °C, 4 h, providing 97% isolated yield with 90% ee (structure 1, figure 2.1). [9] Lipshutz developed <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> DTBM-SEGPHOS ligand with CuCl (catalyst 3, figure 2.2). [10] He used 6.0 mol % <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> catalyst, 3.0 equiv tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDS), 6.0 mol % NaOMe, 3.3 equiv t-BuOH, toluene, 25 °C, 17 h, <strong>the</strong> ee <strong>for</strong> (structure 1, figure 2.1) was 96% with 99% isolated yield. Cooling <strong>the</strong> reaction to -25 °C increased <strong>the</strong> ee to 99% with slightly lower yield (94%) <strong>for</strong> (structure 2, figure 2.1). Different substituted phenyl alkyl N- phosphinoyl imines were tested. p-Br phenyl (96% ee, 95% yield), p-C 3 F phenyl (97% ee, 94% yield), p-OMe phenyl (94% ee, 98% yield) were reduced successfully (structure 3, figure 2.1). They were able to reduce sterically hindered imine (phenyl iso-propyl n- phosphinoyl imine) with 94% ee with 90% yield. The ee was improved to 97% ee with 93% yield at -25 °C. Avecia Limited reported <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> CATHyTM (Catalytic Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation) catalysts (catalyst 4-5, figure 2.1). [11] They utilized 24 equiv <strong>of</strong> Et 3 N/HCO 2 H (2:5 ratio) <strong>for</strong> reduction <strong>of</strong> phenyl methyl N-phosphinoyl imine (structure 1, figure 2.1) with 86% ee, <strong>for</strong> 1-acetyl naphthalene derivative <strong>the</strong> ee was 99% and <strong>for</strong> 2-octanone derived N- phosphinoyl imine <strong>the</strong> ee was 95%. Toste and coworkers developed a highly efficient chiral ligand <strong>for</strong> rhenium metal. [12] The use <strong>of</strong> this ligand eliminates <strong>the</strong> need <strong>of</strong> restrictive inert condition (open flask technique). Using 3.0 mol % <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> catalyst (catalyst 6, figure 2.2), 2.0 equiv <strong>of</strong> diphenylmethylsilane (DPMS- H), CH 2 Cl 2 , 25 °C over 72 h product ee was provided in >99% albeit in mediocre yield (51%) (structure 1, figure 2.1). They tested o<strong>the</strong>r substituted phenyl alkyl N-phosphinoyl imines. 37
- Page 1 and 2: Improved Methodology for the Prepar
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aminoacid producing the protected a
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O NH 2 1. p-TsOH/toluene 2. BH 3 -T
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O O 125 NH 2 a 93% O O 126 H Bu N T
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ethyl carbamate by acylation with e
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4.1.16. Synthesis of Ritonavir and
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4.2. Conclusion Different important
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Chapter 5 Stoichiometric Use of Ytt
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The unique feature of this methodol
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Ytterbium triflate is the most comm
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Ruthenium(III) chloride 31.7 4 4.2
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t-Butyl methyl ether 15 - - 82 Hexa
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2-octanone starting material. When
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3 Yb(OTf) 3 d 4 Ti(O i Pr) 4 e 5 B(
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If a [1,3]-proton shift of the init
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enhanced stereoselectivity. For exa
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WO2006030017, 2006; c) T. C. Nugent
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4 60 86 5 50 86 6 40 84 7 20 79 8 2
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The reactions described above all u
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e.g. compare entries 1, 5, 6, and 9
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solvent in the stoichiometric and c
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[2] Farina, V.; Grozinger, K.; Mül
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congested which should be favored.
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imine area % (GC analysis) time (mi
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Inversion at the nitrogen atom of t
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anti-6) would be expected to have m
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e.g. AcOH, suppresses alcohol by-pr
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eductive amination of a prochiral k
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Appendix Experimental Section Gener
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and the mixture was stirred for 30
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Reaction details: Yb(OAc) 3 (1.1 eq
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etention time [min]: major (S,S)-2b
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time [min]: major (S,S)-2c isomer,
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obtain the hydrochloride salt (0.41
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with etheral HCl provided the hydro
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Research experience: Date Project S