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Geographical Indication (GI) options for Ethiopian Coffee and Ghanaian Cocoa

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African Patent Offices Not Fit <strong>for</strong> Purpose<br />

No responses were received from eight countries: Botswana, Comoros, Democratic<br />

Republic of Congo (DRC), Djibouti, Mauritania, Niger, São Tomé <strong>and</strong> Principe<br />

<strong>and</strong> Swazil<strong>and</strong>.<br />

Bibliography<br />

Primary sources<br />

Harare Protocol on Patents <strong>and</strong> Industrial Designs within the Framework of the<br />

African Regional Industrial Property Organisation (1982).<br />

Patent Cooperation Treaty (1970).<br />

Secondary sources<br />

Arezzo, E. (2007), “Struggling around the ‘natural’ divide: the protection of tangible<br />

<strong>and</strong> intangible indigenous property”, Cardozo Arts <strong>and</strong> Entertainment Law<br />

Journal, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 367–416.<br />

Atal, V. <strong>and</strong> Bar, T. (2010), “Prior art: to search or not to search?” International<br />

Journal of Industrial Organization, Vol. 28 No. 5, pp. 507–21.<br />

Bagley, M.A. (2003), “Patent first, ask questions later: morality <strong>and</strong> biotechnology<br />

in patent law”, William <strong>and</strong> Mary Law Review, Vol. 45 No. 2, pp. 469–547.<br />

Burke, P.F. <strong>and</strong> Reitzig, M.G. (2007), “Measuring patent assessment quality: analyzing<br />

the degree <strong>and</strong> kind of (in)consistency in patent offices’ decision making”,<br />

Research Policy, Vol. 36, pp. 1404–20.<br />

Ch<strong>and</strong>er, A. <strong>and</strong> Sunder, M. (2004), “The romance of the public domain”, Cali<strong>for</strong>nia<br />

Law Review, Vol. 92 No. 1331, pp. 1346–7.<br />

Christie, A.F. <strong>and</strong> Lim, A. (2005), “Reach-through patent claims in biotechnology:<br />

an analysis of the examination practices of the US, European <strong>and</strong> Japanese<br />

patent offices”, Intellectual Property Quarterly, Vol. 3.<br />

De Beer, J. (Ed.) (2009), Implementing the World Intellectual Property Organisation’s<br />

Development Agenda, Wilfred Laurier University Press, Centre <strong>for</strong> International<br />

Governance Innovation (CI<strong>GI</strong>) <strong>and</strong> International Development Research<br />

Centre (IDRC), available at: www.idrc.ca/en/ev-139311-201-1-DO_TOPIC.<br />

html (accessed 15 March 2013).<br />

Dolak, L.A. <strong>and</strong> Goldman, M.L. (2001), “Responding to prior art rejections – an<br />

analytical framework”, Journal of Patent <strong>and</strong> Trademark Office Society, Vol. 83,<br />

pp. 5–20.<br />

Drahos, P. (2008), “‘Trust me’: patent offices in developing countries”, American<br />

Journal of Law <strong>and</strong> Medicine, Vol. 34, pp. 151–70.<br />

245

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