Geographical Indication (GI) options for Ethiopian Coffee and Ghanaian Cocoa

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Current Realities of Collaborative Intellectual Property in Africa compliance. These are potentially useful exercises. We believe it is better, however, to focus resources on mechanisms that are more relevant to localised, marginalised innovator communities. In many contexts, informal modes of IP protection, such as trade secrecy, coupled with limited knowledge-sharing within a defined group, seem better suited than formal IP mechanisms. Branding, whether through reputation alone or protected by geographic, communal or certification marks, may be another useful form of IP in many instances. Utility models and industrial designs deserve more careful analysis and consideration. And in the context of indigenous communities, it may be necessary to think more creatively about the kinds of mechanisms that have the potential to reinforce local customs and facilitate benefit-sharing, rather than building ways (as many emerging TK laws seem to be implicitly doing) to allow communities and/or governments to perpetually monopolise access to collectively generated knowledge. The crucial point is that IP can certainly be a practical tool for collaboration, but not if it is perceived narrowly or pursued dogmatically. Look forward The third, and perhaps most important, recommendation we can draw from the studies in this book is that African policy-makers need to look forward, not backwards. Through on-the-ground qualitative and quantitative data gathering, the researchers who have contributed to this volume have demonstrated the rapidly evolving dynamics of IP, innovation, creativity and development in African settings. This evidence provides a sense of the current realities in a wide variety of contexts. But simply observing the past and present cannot adequately prepare policy-makers and stakeholders for the future. Many African states appear to be at a crossroads in their paths towards negotiating their places in an increasingly globalised IP order. A narrative of Africa as “emerging Africa” (The Economist, 2013) has gained currency in recent years via African countries’ relatively strong GDP growth in the wake of the 2008–09 global financial crisis (at a time when many “developed” states are experiencing stagnated GDP). This more positive view of the continent’s prospects is potentially a welcome boost for African nations seeking to attract investment and partners. But this narrative whereby Africa is emergent also brings with it the danger of intensified pressure on African states to fine-tune national and regional laws and reorient knowledge production traditions into a globalised paradigm predicated on the market economy (in which orthodox approaches to IP rights have typically been positioned as sacrosanct). The findings in this book suggest that, going forward, African policy-makers, as with the innovators and creators whom the policy-makers are supposed to serve, must seek to harness IP rights on their own terms. 393
Innovation & Intellectual Property Bibliography Bogliacino, F., Perani, G., Pianta, M. and Supino, S. (2012), “Innovation and development: evidence from innovation surveys”, Latin American Business Review, Vol. 13, pp. 219–61. De Beer, J. and Oguamanam, C. (2010), “Intellectual Property Training and Education: A Development Perspective”, ICTSD Programme on IPRs and Sustainable Development, Issue Paper No. 31, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Geneva, pp. 1–58. Juma, C. and Ojwang, J.B. (Eds) (1989), Innovation and Sovereignty: The Patent Debate in African Development, African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), Nairobi. King, K. (2001), “Africa’s informal economies: thirty years on”, SAIS Review of International Affairs, Vol. 21, pp. 97–108. Muchie, M. (2004), “Resisting the deficit model of development in Africa: re-thinking through making of an African national innovation system”, Social Epistemology, Vol. 18, pp. 315–32. Open African Innovation Research and Training Project (Open A.I.R., n.d.), available at: www.openair.org.za (accessed 12 April 2013). Seriki, H.T., Hoegl, M. and Parboteeah, K.P. (2010), “Innovative performance in African technological projects – a multi-level study”, Journal of World Business, Vol. 45, pp. 295–303. Shane, S. (1992), “Why do some societies invent more than others?” Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 7, pp. 29–46. Shane, S., Venkataraman, S. and MacMillan, I. (1995), “Cultural differences in innovation championing strategies”, Journal of Management, Vol. 21, pp. 931–52. Smith, M.L., Elder, L. and Emdon, H. (2011), “Open development: a new theory for ICT4D”, Information Technologies and International Development, Vol. 7 No. 1, Spring (Special Issue: Open Development), available at http://itidjournal. org/itid/article/view/692/290 (accessed 12 April 2013). Taylor, M.Z. and Wilson, S. (2012), “Does culture still matter? The effects of individualism on national innovation rates”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 27, pp. 234–37. The Economist (2013), “Africa rising: a hopeful continent”, in “Special report: emerging Africa”, 2 March, available at: www.economist.com/news/specialreport/21572377-african-lives-have- already-greatly-improved-over-pastdecade-says-oliver-august (accessed 12 April 2013). 394
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Innovation & Intellectual Property
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Contents Preface ..................
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Preface This book is among the key
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Preface mandated Train for Trade pr
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About the Contributors Dr Perihan A
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Chapter 2 Frameworks for Analysing
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Chapter 6 The Policy Context for a
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Chapter 10 African Patent Offices N
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Chapter 11 The State of Biofuel Inn
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Chapter 13 Effects of the South Afr
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Chapter 14 Towards University-Indus
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Geographical Indication (GI) options for Ethiopian Coffee and Ghanaian Cocoa

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